What do systematic reviews say?

Individual level interventions vs control

• Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  173 participants
  Very low

Individual level interventions vs control

• Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2948 participants
  Very low

Individual level interventions vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Individual level interventions vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Individual level interventions vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Individual‐level interventions to reduce personal exposure to outdoor air pollution and their effects on people with… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

A combination of individual‐level interventions vs no intervention/wait list/placebo/no stress‐reduction intervention

• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  15 studies · 1003 participants
  Low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 574 participants
  Low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 88 participants
  Very low

An intervention in which the focus is on work‐related risk factors on an individual level vs no intervention/no stress‐reduction interventionfor stress reduction

• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 87 participants
  Very low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 152 participants
  Very low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 161 participants
  Very low

Individual level expressive‐writing vs control‐writing

• Interventions for prevention of bullying in the workplace 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 46 participants
  Very low

Individual level expressive‐writing vs control‐writing

• Interventions for prevention of bullying in the workplace 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 46 participants
  Very low

Individual level cognitive behavioural intervention vs no intervention

It is very uncertain whether individual level cognitive behavioural intervention changes self‐reported victimisation. Post intervention. compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

• Interventions for prevention of bullying in the workplace 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.24, 1.25]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for prevention of bullying in the workplace 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.49 [0.21, 1.15]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Individual level cognitive behavioural intervention vs no intervention

It is very uncertain whether individual level cognitive behavioural intervention changes self‐reported perpetration. Post intervention. compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

• Interventions for prevention of bullying in the workplace 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.64 [0.27, 1.54]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low
• Interventions for prevention of bullying in the workplace 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.69 [0.26, 1.81]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) vs Placebo, control, and/or other interventions

SDF showed a higher caries-arrestment proportion at the individual level, but the reported difference was not statistically significant.

• The role of silver diamine fluoride as dental caries preventive and arresting agent: a systematic review and… 2024 All outcomes

  3 weeks to 12 months
  OR 3.86 [0.34, 43.96]
  5 studies · 720 participants
  Low

Community ambulation intervention vs other interventions

• Interventions for improving community ambulation in individuals with stroke 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 45 participants
  Low

Individualised oral care plan based on a multidisciplinary assessment vs usual care

• Oral hygiene interventions for people with intellectual disabilities 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Medium term (6 weeks to 12 months)
  Individualised oral care plan vs usual care. Subjective Oral Hygiene Rating scale 1-5 and Improvement Differential, mean 12 months; SOHR 2.97 (intervention) vs 3.10 (control); improvement differential 38% vs 5%; 79…
  1 study · 79 participants
  Very low

Discussion of individual clinical photographs (plaque highlighted by a disclosing agent) as an oral hygiene motivator, plus oral hygiene instruction vs No discussion of clinical photographs, but received the same oral hygiene instruction

It is very uncertain whether discussion of individual clinical photographs (plaque highlighted by… changes plaque (medium term) compared with no discussion of clinical photographs, but received the same oral… (very low certainty).

• Oral hygiene interventions for people with intellectual disabilities 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Medium term (6 weeks to 12 months)
  MD -0.10 [-0.85, 0.65]
  1 study · 29 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in return to activity or level of sport at 2 years (low certainty).

• Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating anterior cruciate ligament injuries 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.22 [0.78, 1.91]
  1 study · 121 participants
  Low

An intervention in which one's attention is on the experience of stress (feelings, thoughts, behavior) vs no intervention/wait list/placebo/no stress‐reduction intervention

• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  41 studies · 3645 participants
  Low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  19 studies · 1851 participants
  Low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 68 participants
  Very low

An intervention in which one's attention is away from the experience of stress vs no intervention/wait list/placebo/no stress‐reduction intervention

• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  35 studies · 2366 participants
  Low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 427 participants
  Low
• Individual‐level interventions for reducing occupational stress in healthcare workers 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in tobacco use (moderate certainty).

• Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.28 [0.75, 2.19]
  2 studies · 521 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in alcohol use (moderate certainty).

• Individual‐, family‐, and school‐level interventions targeting multiple risk behaviours in young people 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.8 [0.58, 1.11]
  4 studies · 1911 participants
  Moderate