Microbial reduction (viable count, log CFU/mL) · Patients with dental caries (in vivo cariogenic microorganisms, including children with early childhood caries)
In randomized clinical trials, photodynamic therapy significantly reduced cariogenic microbial counts versus untreated control (SMD -1.16, 95% CI -2.02 to -0.30; 2 trials), but heterogeneity was high (I2=70%) and considered too high to rely on; certainty was not graded.
1 finding from 1 review
Microbial reduction (viable count, log CFU/mL) · Cariogenic bacteria (mainly Streptococcus mutans reference strains) and oral biofilms in vitro
In in vitro studies, photodynamic therapy significantly reduced cariogenic microbial counts versus untreated control (SMD -2.64, 95% CI -4.50 to -0.79; 2 studies; I2=0%); certainty was not graded.
1 finding from 1 review
Cell death / cytotoxicity · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
One study reported minimal cytotoxicity (<1% cell damage) with grape seed extract (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
pH change or lactic acid production · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
No meta-analysis was conducted; five included studies reported buffering of pH drop or reduced lactic acid production with cranberry extract or fractions.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Bacterial growth inhibition · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
Cranberry extract inhibits S. mutans growth in vitro (MIC ~0.5-60 mg/mL across 7 studies; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Cranberry extract inhibited S. mutans growth across ~0.5-25 mg/mL (Abstract): MIC 12.5 mg/dL and MBC 25 mg/dL (Singhal), MIC 60 mg/mL (Sumathi), MIC 0.5-0.75 mg/mL (Prince); 2 mg/mL PAC enhanced photo-irradiated H2O2…
7 studies
GRADE not reported
Bacterial cell death · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
No meta-analysis was conducted; one included study reported time- and concentration-dependent bacterial-count reduction with cranberry extract.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
1 study
GRADE not reported
Biofilm morphology · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
No meta-analysis was conducted; two included studies reported reduced microcolonies or altered bacterial structure with grape seed extract.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Bacterial adhesion (inhibition) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
Grape seed extract inhibits S. mutans adhesion to hydroxyapatite in vitro (2 studies; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Bacterial growth inhibition · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
No meta-analysis was conducted; five included studies reported inhibition of Streptococcus mutans growth with grape seed extract or fractions.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Biofilm formation (reduction) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
Cranberry extract reduces S. mutans biofilm formation in vitro (10 studies; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Cranberry extract/PAC reduced S. mutans biofilm formation: 51% at 500 ug/mL (Philip 2019), 95.2% at 50 mg/mL (Sumathi), 50-70% of preformed biofilm at 16.67-20.83 mg/dL (Singhal), 32%/29%/14% at 500/250/125 ug/mL…
10 studies
GRADE not reported
pH drop / acidogenicity buffering · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
Cranberry extract reduces S. mutans acidogenicity / glycolytic pH drop in vitro (5 studies; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Cranberry PAC buffered acidogenesis: final pH 5.6 vs 5.2 control (Koo), lactic acid reduced 44% (Philip 2019) and 46% at 500 ug/mL (Philip 2019 EJOS), final pH 4.7-4.9 vs 3.7 control (Duarte), and disrupted glycolytic…
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Gtf activity · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
One study reported grape seed extract inhibits S. mutans Gtf activity (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Antioxidant capacity · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
One study reported high antioxidant capacity of grape seed extract (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Biofilm morphological changes · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
Cranberry extract alters S. mutans biofilm morphology/architecture (4 studies; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Cranberry treatment disrupted biofilm integrity with agglutination/cell degradation at higher concentrations (Singhal), reduced polymicrobial biomass 38% at 96 h (Philip 2019), produced defective accumulation and…
4 studies
GRADE not reported
Biofilm morphological changes · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
Grape seed extract alters S. mutans biofilm morphology (2 studies; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Biofilm formation (reduction) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
Grape seed extract reduces S. mutans biofilm formation in vitro (5 studies; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
GSE reduced biofilm formation: 89% (polymeric PAC) vs 79% (dealcoholized wine) (Daglia), inhibition at 4 mg/mL (Zhao), decreased microcolonies with 2000 ug/mL GSE + fluorinol (Furiga), reduction within 30 min…
5 studies
GRADE not reported
Biofilm formation · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
No meta-analysis was conducted; ten included studies reported reduced or inhibited Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation with cranberry extract or fractions.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
10 studies
GRADE not reported
Cell damage or cytotoxicity · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
No meta-analysis was conducted; one included study reported very low cell damage with grape seed extract.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
1 study
GRADE not reported
Antioxidant capacity · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
One study reported antioxidant activity of cranberry polyphenol fractions (ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
GtfB/C and F-ATPase activity · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
Cranberry proanthocyanidins downregulate GtfB/C and F-ATPase activity of S. mutans (5 studies; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review