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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

271 questions · 281 findings · 20 reviews · Public Health

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No studies found 53 · 18.9%GRADE not reported 14 · 5%Very low 55 · 19.6%Low 81 · 28.8%Moderate 61 · 21.7%High 17 · 6%

Wheat flour fortified with iron in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified wheat flour (no micronutrients added)

Diarrhoea (three liquid stools in a single day) (only in children 2 to 11 years of age) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age
1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour fortified with iron in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified wheat flour (no micronutrients added)

Respiratory infections (as measured by trialists) (only in children 2 to 11 years of age) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age
1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour fortified with iron in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified wheat flour (no micronutrients added)

All‐cause death (only in children 2 to 11 years of age) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age
1 finding from 1 review

iron‐fortified wheat flour with or without other micronutrients added vs fortified wheat flour with same micronutrients (but not iron)

Diarrhoea (three liquid stools in a single day) (only in children 2 to 11 years of age) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age
1 finding from 1 review

iron‐fortified wheat flour with or without other micronutrients added vs fortified wheat flour with same micronutrients (but not iron)

Respiratory infections (as measured by trialists) (only in children 2 to 11 years of age) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age
1 finding from 1 review

iron‐fortified wheat flour with or without other micronutrients added vs fortified wheat flour with same micronutrients (but not iron)

All‐cause death (only in children 2 to 11 years of age) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age
1 finding from 1 review

iron‐fortified wheat flour with or without other micronutrients added vs fortified wheat flour with same micronutrients (but not iron)

Infection or inflammation at individual level as measured by C‐reactive protein (CRP) (only in children 2 to 11 years of age) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age
1 finding from 1 review

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron vs unfortified condiments/seasonings

Anaemia · population aged 2 years and above (Ballot 1989a (C) ‐ > 10 years, Chen 2005 (C) ‐ >3 years; Huo 2002 ‐ 11‐17 years, Longfils 2008‐ 6‐21…

It is very uncertain whether condiments/seasonings fortified with iron changes anaemia (defined as haemoglobin below WHO cut‐off for age and… compared with unfortified condiments/seasonings (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron plus other micronutrients vs condiments/seasonings fortified with other micronutrients except iron

Anaemia · population aged 2 years and above (Andersson 2008 ‐ 5‐18 years, Asibey‐Berko 2007 ~ 3 years, Chen Ke 2008 ‐ 2‐6 years, Haas 2014 ‐ women…

Condiments/seasonings fortified with iron plus other micronutrients may leads to lower anaemia (defined as haemoglobin below WHO cut‐off for age and… compared with condiments/seasonings fortified with other micronutrients except iron (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

iron‐fortified wheat flour with or without other micronutrients added vs fortified wheat flour with same micronutrients (but not iron)

Anaemia · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

iron‐fortified wheat flour with or without other micronutrients added may leads to lower anaemia (defined as haemoglobin below WHO cut‐off for age and… compared with wheat flour (no added iron) with the same other micronutrients added (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour fortified with iron in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified wheat flour (no micronutrients added)

Anaemia · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

It is very uncertain whether iron‐fortified wheat flour with other micronutrients added changes anaemia (defined as haemoglobin below WHO cut‐off for age and… compared with unfortified wheat flour (no micronutrients added) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nutrition systems strengthening interventions targeting children vs no intervention or standard care to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length at 18 months)

Mean height‐for‐age z‐score · children under 5 years old

Nutrition systems strengthening interventions targeting children may leads to higher height‐for‐age (z‐score) at 18 months compared with no intervention or standard care to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age,… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Stunting · children under 5 years old

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in… showed no clear difference in height‐for‐age (z‐score) compared with no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age,… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Height‐for‐age (z‐score) Length gain (6 months) · children under 5 years old
1 finding from 1 review

Micronutrient or macronutrient supplementation interventions in children vs no intervention, or placebo to reduce stunting (height‐for‐age, length velocity, and length at 12 months)

Height‐for‐age (%) at 18 months, 21 months Length gain · children under 5 years old
1 finding from 1 review

Foods fortified with zinc plus other micronutrients vs foods fortified with other micronutrients without zinc

Zinc deficiency (as defined by authors, depending on age and gender) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

It is very uncertain whether foods fortified with zinc plus other micronutrients changes zinc deficiency (as defined by authors, depending on age and gender) compared with foods fortified with other micronutrients without zinc (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review