Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

298 questions · 298 findings · 46 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 69 · 23.2%GRADE not reported 21 · 7%Very low 75 · 25.2%Low 66 · 22.1%Moderate 57 · 19.1%High 10 · 3.4%

Opioids vs no opioids

Sedation and somnolence (secondary outcome 2) · participants with acute pancreatitis pain

Opioids showed no clear difference in sedation and somnolence (secondary outcome 2) compared with no opioids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs STANDARD DRUG CARE

Sedation/tranquillisation: Not sedated ‐ at four hours · patients with acute schizophrenia and similar serious mental illnesses

ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE showed no clear difference in sedation/tranquillisation: Not sedated ‐ at four hours compared with STANDARD DRUG CARE (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzodiazepines vs antipsychotics

Desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ asleep at 12 hours · patients with schizophrenia

BENZODIAZEPINES showed no clear difference in desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ asleep at 12 hours compared with ANTIPSYCHOTICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ tranquillised at 60 minutes · patients with schizophrenia

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS may leads to higher desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ tranquillised at 60 minutes compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

Desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ asleep at 12 hours · patients with schizophrenia

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS showed no clear difference in desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ asleep at 12 hours compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Primary outcome: Failure to complete procedure (due to sedation‐related problems) · Adults (over 18 years) with requirement for an ERCP procedure with diagnostic intent
1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous midazolam vs placebo

Anterograde amnesia (defined by number of participants who recalled the procedure) · adults requiring sedation before gastrointestinal endoscopy and bronchoscopy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review