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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

231 questions · 231 findings · 28 reviews · Anaesthesia

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No studies found 41 · 17.7%GRADE not reported 10 · 4.3%Very low 35 · 15.2%Low 94 · 40.7%Moderate 35 · 15.2%High 16 · 6.9%

Scalp block vs placebo or control

Adverse event nausea and vomiting (0 to 24 hours) · adults undergoing brain surgery

It is very uncertain whether scalp block changes adverse event nausea and vomiting (0 to 24 hours) compared with control or placebo intervention (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural analgesia vs intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia

All‐cause mortality rate at 30 days · adults having abdominal surgery

Epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality rate at 30 days compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural analgesia vs intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia

Failure of analgesic technique requiring alternative approach (assessed at any time) · adults having abdominal surgery

Epidural analgesia probably leads to higher failure of analgesic technique requiring alternative approach… compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural analgesia vs intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia

Adverse events (assessed at any time during · adults having abdominal surgery

Epidural analgesia showed no clear difference in adverse events (assessed at any time during compared with intravenous patient‐controlled analgesia (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Postoperative delirium (POD) within 7 days (As assessed by any method such as the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) in the first week after operation) · adults aged 18 years or over undergoing general anaesthesia for non‐cardiac or non‐neurosurgical elective operations

The intervention probably leads to lower postoperative delirium (POD) within 7 days (As assessed by any… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) (As determined by any method of assessing POCD including a battery of neuropsychological tests according to the criteria described by the International Study of Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (ISPOCD)) · adults aged 18 years or over undergoing general anaesthesia for non‐cardiac or non‐neurosurgical elective operations

The intervention showed no clear difference in postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) (As determined by any… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Any postoperative complication · adults aged 18 years or over undergoing general anaesthesia for non‐cardiac or non‐neurosurgical elective operations

The intervention probably leads to lower any postoperative complication (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buffered vs non‐buffered crystalloid intravenous fluid

Mortality (in‐hospital death and 30‐day mortality) · adults receiving intravenous fluids whilst undergoing any form of surgery

Buffered showed no clear difference in mortality (in‐hospital death and 30‐day mortality) compared with non‐buffered crystalloid intravenous fluid (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Buffered vs non‐buffered crystalloid intravenous fluid

Organ system failure ‐ renal insufficiency requiring support · adults receiving intravenous fluids whilst undergoing any form of surgery

Buffered showed no clear difference in organ system failure ‐ renal insufficiency requiring support compared with non‐buffered crystalloid intravenous fluid (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review