What do systematic reviews say?

Music vs control

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Relaxation vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Educational intervention vs no educational intervention

It is very uncertain whether educational intervention changes duration of exclusive breastfeeding (≥ 4 months of age) Measurement:… compared with no educational intervention (very low certainty).

• Educational interventions for improving primary caregiver complementary feeding practices for children aged 24 months… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.58 [0.77, 3.22]
  3 studies · 1544 participants
  Very low
• Educational interventions for improving primary caregiver complementary feeding practices for children aged 24 months… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.32 [1.45, 3.73]
  2 studies · 1167 participants
  Low
• Educational interventions for improving primary caregiver complementary feeding practices for children aged 24 months… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.7, 1.29]
  1 study · 377 participants
  Low

Continuous support vs usual care

Continuous support showed no clear difference in exclusive or any breastfeeding at any time point, as defined by… compared with usual care (all trials) (low certainty).

• Continuous support for women during childbirth 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.05 [0.96, 1.16]
  4 studies · 5584 participants
  Low

Frenotomy vs no frenotomy or sham procedure

Frenotomy may leads to higher infant breastfeeding assessed by validated scale ‐ IBFAT scores… compared with no frenotomy or sham procedure (low certainty).

• Frenotomy for tongue‐tie in newborn infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 58 participants
  Low

Frenotomy vs no frenotomy or sham procedure

Frenotomy showed no clear difference in infant breastfeeding assessed by validated scale ‐ LATCH scores… compared with no frenotomy or sham procedure (low certainty).

• Frenotomy for tongue‐tie in newborn infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 155 participants
  Low

Intravenous fluid supplementation vs no fluid supplementation

• Fluid supplementation for neonatal unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 60 participants
  Moderate

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS

• Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 303 participants
  Low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no NNS

• Non‐nutritive sucking for increasing physiologic stability and nutrition in preterm infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 303 participants
  Low

Kangaroo mother care vs conventional neonatal care

Kangaroo mother care probably leads to higher any breastfeeding at discharge or at 40 to 41 weeks' postmenstrual… compared with conventional neonatal care (moderate certainty).

• Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.2 [1.07, 1.34]
  10 studies · 1696 participants
  Moderate

Kangaroo mother care vs conventional neonatal care

Kangaroo mother care may leads to higher any breastfeeding at 1 to 3 months' compared with conventional neonatal care (low certainty).

• Kangaroo mother care to reduce morbidity and mortality in low birthweight infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.17 [1.05, 1.31]
  9 studies · 1394 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher breastfeeding 1 month to 4 months post birth (moderate certainty).

• Early skin‐to‐skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.24 [1.07, 1.43]
  14 studies · 887 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Early skin‐to‐skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 264 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge to 1 month post birth (moderate certainty).

• Early skin‐to‐skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.3 [1.12, 1.49]
  6 studies · 711 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher exclusive breastfeeding 6 weeks to 6 months post birth (moderate certainty).

• Early skin‐to‐skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.5 [1.18, 1.9]
  7 studies · 640 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  957 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes not breastfeeding at six months (very low certainty).

• Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.95]
  803 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to lower not fully breastfeeding at hospital discharge (low certainty).

• Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.61 [0.52, 0.71]
  893 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Cup feeding versus other forms of supplemental enteral feeding for newborn infants unable to fully breastfeed 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  803 participants
  Very low

Case notes vs control

Case notes showed no clear difference in breastfeeding compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Giving women their own case notes to carry during pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.99, 1.02]
  2 studies · 704 participants
  Moderate