What do systematic reviews say?

Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo or control

Vitamin D [D2, D3 or 25(OH)D] plus calcium showed no clear difference in deaths ‐ Vitamin D (D2, D3, 25(OH)D) plus calcium (1 year estimate) compared with control or placebo (high certainty).

• Vitamin D and vitamin D analogues for preventing fractures in post‐menopausal women and older men 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.94 [0.87, 1.02]
  6 studies · 46794 participants
  High

Summary of findings: oral vitamin E supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antioxidant supplementation for lung disease in cystic fibrosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: oral vitamin E supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antioxidant supplementation for lung disease in cystic fibrosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: oral vitamin E supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

Summary of findings: oral vitamin E supplementation showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Antioxidant supplementation for lung disease in cystic fibrosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1 [0.13, 7.94]
  1 study · 38 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: oral vitamin E supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antioxidant supplementation for lung disease in cystic fibrosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found
• Antioxidant supplementation for lung disease in cystic fibrosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: oral vitamin E supplementation vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antioxidant supplementation for lung disease in cystic fibrosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs no intervention

It is very uncertain whether staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients changes subclinical vitamin A deficiency (serum/plasma retinol 0.70 μmol/L… compared with no intervention (very low certainty).

• Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.52, 0.98]
  2 studies · 318 participants
  Very low

Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs no intervention

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs same unfortified staple foods

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs same unfortified staple foods

Staple foods fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients probably leads to lower subclinical vitamin A deficiency (serum/plasma retinol 0.70 μmol/L… compared with same unfortified staple foods (moderate certainty).

• Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.27 [0.16, 0.49]
  3 studies · 923 participants
  Moderate

Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs same unfortified staple foods

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Prenatal vitamin D deficiency (low maternal 25(OH)D during pregnancy) vs Adequate prenatal vitamin D (sufficient maternal 25(OH)D)

For prenatal vitamin D measured across gestational weeks 6-38, the OR of dental caries was 1.32 (no CI reported); ungraded.

• Association between prenatal vitamin D deficiency with dental caries in infants and children: a systematic review and… 2024 All outcomes

  Maternal 25(OH)D measured at gestational weeks 6 to 38 · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Gestational-age subgroup: weeks 6 to 38
  OR 1.32 [1.04, 1.59]
  4 studies
  GRADE not reported
• Association between prenatal vitamin D deficiency with dental caries in infants and children: a systematic review and… 2024 All outcomes

  Prenatal exposure; dental caries assessed in children aged 2 to 8 years · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Overall (all studies pooled)
  OR 1.35 [1.22, 1.47]
  12 studies · 11021 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Association between prenatal vitamin D deficiency with dental caries in infants and children: a systematic review and… 2024 All outcomes

  Prenatal exposure; dental caries in children aged 2 to 8 years · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Publication-bias adjustment: Trim & Fill corrected pooled estimate
  OR 1.28 [1.14, 1.48]
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Prenatal vitamin D deficiency (low maternal 25(OH)D during pregnancy) vs Adequate prenatal vitamin D (sufficient maternal 25(OH)D)

In the single study of children aged 6-8 years, the association was not statistically significant (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.84-1.30); ungraded.

• Association between prenatal vitamin D deficiency with dental caries in infants and children: a systematic review and… 2024 All outcomes

  Prenatal exposure; dental caries at 6 to 8 years · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Children's age subgroup: 6 to 8 years
  OR 1.07 [0.84, 1.30]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Prenatal vitamin D deficiency (low maternal 25(OH)D during pregnancy) vs Adequate prenatal vitamin D (sufficient maternal 25(OH)D)

Among children aged 4-6 years, prenatal vitamin D deficiency is associated with significantly higher odds of dental caries (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.32-1.56); ungraded.

• Association between prenatal vitamin D deficiency with dental caries in infants and children: a systematic review and… 2024 All outcomes

  Prenatal exposure; dental caries at 4 to 6 years · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Children's age subgroup: 4 to 6 years
  OR 1.44 [1.32, 1.56]
  8 studies
  GRADE not reported

Prenatal vitamin D deficiency (maternal 25(OH)D measured at gestational weeks 24 to 38) vs Adequate prenatal vitamin D (sufficient maternal 25(OH)D)

For prenatal vitamin D measured across gestational weeks 24-38, the OR of dental caries was 1.30 (no CI reported); ungraded.

• Association between prenatal vitamin D deficiency with dental caries in infants and children: a systematic review and… 2024 All outcomes

  Maternal 25(OH)D measured at gestational weeks 24 to 38 · Observational pregnancy/birth-cohort studies (one cross-sectional), mostly in developed countries (USA, Canada, Japan, Australia, Spain, Netherlands, Poland, New Zealand, Turkey) · Gestational-age subgroup: weeks 24 to 38
  OR 1.30 [1.15, 1.45]
  4 studies
  GRADE not reported

Vitamin D vs placebo

• Vitamin D as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 1188 participants
  Moderate

Vitamin D vs placebo

• Vitamin D as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 1023 participants
  Very low

Vitamin D vs placebo

Vitamin D showed no clear difference in mortality rate ( compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Vitamin D as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.69 [0.44, 1.07]
  3 studies · 584 participants
  Low

Vitamin D vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found