What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Upright position vs recumbent position

It is very uncertain whether upright position changes admission to neonatal intensive care unit compared with recumbent position (very low certainty).

• Maternal position in the second stage of labour for women with epidural anaesthesia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.54 [0.02, 12.73]
  1 study · 66 participants
  Very low

Massage vs usual care

• Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 362 participants
  Low

Warm pack vs usual care

• Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 191 participants
  Very low

Thermal manual methods vs usual care

• Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 96 participants
  Very low

Massage vs music

It is very uncertain whether massage changes pain intensity "severe pain reported" compared with music (very low certainty).

• Massage, reflexology and other manual methods for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.4 [0.18, 0.89]
  1 study · 101 participants
  Very low

Relaxation vs usual care

• Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 271 participants
  Very low

Music vs control

• Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 217 participants
  Very low

Yoga vs control

• Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 66 participants
  Low

Metformin vs placebo

Metformin showed no clear difference in gestational hypertension compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.54, 1.94]
  3 studies · 1040 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in social support vs less intensive interventions 9 (high certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.21 [0.93, 1.58]
  7 studies · 781 participants
  High

Any upright vs supine

Any upright showed no clear difference in admission to neonatal intensive care unit compared with supine position (low certainty).

• Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.51, 1.21]
  4 studies · 2565 participants
  Low

Planned early birth vs expectant management

Planned early birth probably leads to higher admission to neonatal intensive care compared with expectant management (moderate certainty).

• Planned early birth versus expectant management for women with preterm prelabour rupture of membranes prior to 37… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.16 [1.08, 1.24]
  4 studies · 2691 participants
  Moderate

Planned early birth vs expectant management

• Planned early birth versus expectant management (waiting) for prelabour rupture of membranes at term (37 weeks or more) 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 425 participants
  Very low

Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes)

• Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Dietary advice vs standard‐of‐care therapy

Dietary advice interventions may leads to lower hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pregnancy‐induced hypertension) compared with standard care (maternal outcomes) (low certainty).

• Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.3 [0.1, 0.88]
  2 studies · 282 participants
  Low

Dietary advice vs standard‐of‐care therapy

Dietary advice interventions showed no clear difference in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pre‐eclampsia) compared with standard care (maternal outcomes) (low certainty).

• Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.61 [0.25, 1.46]
  2 studies · 282 participants
  Low

Primary care screening vs secondary care screening

Primary care screening showed no clear difference in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: hypertension compared with secondary care screening (low certainty).

• Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.41 [0.77, 2.59]
  1 study · 690 participants
  Low

Primary care screening vs secondary care screening

Primary care screening showed no clear difference in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pre‐eclampsia toxemia compared with secondary care screening (low certainty).

• Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.36, 1.78]
  1 study · 690 participants
  Low

Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening

• Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving maternal and… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported