Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,550 questions · 1,617 findings · 161 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 238 · 14.7%GRADE not reported 76 · 4.7%Very low 377 · 23.3%Low 567 · 35.1%Moderate 285 · 17.6%High 74 · 4.6%

Intervention not reported

Catheter‐associated thrombosis necessitating removal of catheter (during intervention period) · newborn infants

The intervention showed no clear difference in catheter‐associated thrombosis necessitating removal of catheter… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early planned removal of umbilical venous catheters to prevent infection in newborn infants 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.94]
1 study · 210 participants
Low

Vitamin A vs no supplementation

Neonatal mortality · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk

Supplemental vitamin A showed no clear difference in neonatal death compared with no supplementation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short‐ and long‐term morbidity in very low birth weight infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.66, 1.11]
6 studies · 1165 participants
Moderate

Vitamin A vs no supplementation

Chronic lung disease · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk

Supplemental vitamin A showed no clear difference in chronic lung disease (oxygen use at 28 days in survivors) compared with no supplementation (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short‐ and long‐term morbidity in very low birth weight infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.86, 1.01]
7 studies · 1070 participants
Moderate
Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short‐ and long‐term morbidity in very low birth weight infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.77, 0.99]
5 studies · 986 participants
Moderate

Vitamin A vs no supplementation

Death or chronic lung disease · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk

Supplemental vitamin A probably leads to lower death or chronic lung disease (oxygen use at 28 days) compared with no supplementation (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short‐ and long‐term morbidity in very low birth weight infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.93 [0.88, 0.99]
6 studies · 1165 participants
Moderate
Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short‐ and long‐term morbidity in very low birth weight infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.92 [0.84, 1.01]
4 studies · 1089 participants
Moderate

Vitamin A vs no supplementation

Death before 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk

Supplemental vitamin A showed no clear difference in death before 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with no supplementation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short‐ and long‐term morbidity in very low birth weight infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.77, 1.29]
4 studies · 1089 participants
Moderate

Vitamin A vs no supplementation

Neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 22 months · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk

Supplemental vitamin A showed no clear difference in neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 22 months compared with no supplementation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation to prevent mortality and short‐ and long‐term morbidity in very low birth weight infants 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.74, 1.08]
1 study · 538 participants
Low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Death or major neurodevelopmental disability · infants with perinatal asphyxia

It is very uncertain whether barbiturate treatment changes death or major neurodevelopmental disability compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.14, 0.78]
1 study · 31 participants
Very low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Death · infants with perinatal asphyxia

Barbiturate treatment showed no clear difference in death compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.88 [0.55, 1.42]
8 studies · 429 participants
Low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Major neurodevelopmental disability at childhood · infants with perinatal asphyxia

It is very uncertain whether barbiturate treatment changes major neurodevelopmental disability compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.24 [0.06, 0.92]
1 study · 31 participants
Very low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Cerebral palsy · infants with perinatal asphyxia

It is very uncertain whether barbiturate treatment changes cerebral palsy compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.58 [0.19, 1.7]
2 studies · 69 participants
Very low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Developmental delay at ≥ 18 months · infants with perinatal asphyxia

It is very uncertain whether barbiturate treatment changes developmental delay compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.54 [0.24, 1.19]
2 studies · 63 participants
Very low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Seizures · infants with perinatal asphyxia

Barbiturate treatment may leads to lower seizures (clinical or electrographic) compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.62 [0.48, 0.81]
6 studies · 319 participants
Low

Barbiturate treatment vs placebo or no treatment

Abnormal neurologic exam at discharge · infants with perinatal asphyxia

Barbiturate treatment showed no clear difference in abnormal neurologic exam at discharge compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Prophylactic barbiturate use for the prevention of morbidity and mortality following perinatal asphyxia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.67, 1.08]
4 studies · 245 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

All‐cause mortality: longest · infants 1 to 6 months of age

The intervention showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality: longest (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.05 [0.89, 1.25]
9 studies · 21339 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects: bulging fontanelle within 48 to 72 hours · infants 1 to 6 months of age

The intervention leads to higher adverse effects: bulging fontanelle within 48 to 72 hours (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.1 [1.89, 5.09]
9 studies · 13493 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects: vomiting 48 to 72 hours · infants 1 to 6 months of age

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse effects: vomiting 48 to 72 hours (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.95 [0.67, 1.35]
2 studies · 2187 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects: diarrhoea 48 to 72 hours · infants 1 to 6 months of age

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse effects: diarrhoea 48 to 72 hours (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [0.82, 1.4]
3 studies · 2176 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Adverse effects: fever 48 to 72 hours · infants 1 to 6 months of age

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse effects: fever 48 to 72 hours (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.94 [0.83, 1.07]
3 studies · 3187 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Vitamin A deficiency: retinol < 0.7 μmol/L · infants 1 to 6 months of age

The intervention showed no clear difference in vitamin A deficiency: retinol < 0.7 μmol/L (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.86 [0.7, 1.06]
4 studies · 1204 participants
Moderate

Higher vs lower PUFA

All allergic disease ‐ Infancy (incidence) · infants

It is very uncertain whether higher changes all allergic disease ‐ infant incidence compared with lower PUFA intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.73, 1.26]
1 study · 323 participants
Very low