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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Universal screening vs case finding Fetal and neonatal death · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.42, 2.02] | 1 study · 4516 participants | Moderate |
Universal screening vs no screening Thyroid dysfunction diagnosed in pregnancy: hypothyroid · women during pregnancy Screening and subsequent management for thyroid dysfunction pre‐pregnancy and during pregnancy for improving… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 998.18 [62.36, 15978.48] | 1 study · 21839 participants | High |
Any pharmaceutical treatment vs placebo or no treatment Complet relief of heartburn · pregnant women with heartburn in pregnancy Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.85 [1.36, 2.5] | 2 studies · 256 participants | Moderate |
Any pharmaceutical treatment vs placebo or no treatment Partial relief of heartburn · pregnant women with heartburn in pregnancy Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [0.38, 4.76] | 2 studies · 256 participants | Very low |
Any pharmaceutical treatment vs placebo or no treatment Side effects · pregnant women with heartburn in pregnancy Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.21, 1.89] | 2 studies · 256 participants | Very low |
Any pharmaceutical treatment vs placebo or no treatment Quality of life · pregnant women with heartburn in pregnancy Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Any pharmaceutical treatment vs placebo or no treatment Maternal satisfaction · pregnant women with heartburn in pregnancy Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Any pharmaceutical treatment vs placebo or no treatment Low birthweight · pregnant women with heartburn in pregnancy Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Any pharmaceutical treatment vs placebo or no treatment Preterm labour · pregnant women with heartburn in pregnancy Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Stimulant laxatives vs bulk‐forming laxatives Primary outcome ‐ constipation improvement · women with treating constipation in pregnancy Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.59 [1.21, 2.09] | 1 study · 140 participants | Moderate |
Fibre supplementation vs no intervention Primary outcome ‐ improvement in constipation ‐ not reported · Women being treated for constipation in pregnancy Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fibre supplementation vs no intervention Primary outcome ‐ consistency of stools ‐ not reported · Women being treated for constipation in pregnancy Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Stimulant laxatives vs bulk‐forming laxatives Primary outcome ‐ pain on defecation ‐ not reported · women with treating constipation in pregnancy Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Stimulant laxatives vs bulk‐forming laxatives Primary outcome ‐ frequency of stools · women with treating constipation in pregnancy Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 2 participants | Ungraded |
Stimulant laxatives vs bulk‐forming laxatives Primary outcome ‐ consistency of stools · women with treating constipation in pregnancy Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 2 participants | Ungraded |
Stimulant laxatives vs bulk‐forming laxatives Secondary outcome ‐ abdominal discomfort · women with treating constipation in pregnancy Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.33 [1.15, 4.73] | 1 study · 140 participants | Moderate |
Stimulant laxatives vs bulk‐forming laxatives Secondary outcome ‐ diarrhoea · women with treating constipation in pregnancy Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 4.5 [1.01, 20.09] | 1 study · 140 participants | Low |
Stimulant laxatives vs bulk‐forming laxatives Secondary outcome ‐ women's satisfaction · women with treating constipation in pregnancy Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.77, 1.46] | 1 study · 140 participants | Moderate |
Fibre supplementation vs no intervention Primary outcome ‐ frequency of stools · Women being treated for constipation in pregnancy Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Moderate |
Fibre supplementation vs no intervention Primary outcome ‐ pain on defecation ‐ not reported · Women being treated for constipation in pregnancy Interventions for treating constipation in pregnancy (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Neonatal death · pregnant women with PROM Amnioinfusion for third trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 | 94 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Neonatal sepsis/infection · pregnant women with PROM Amnioinfusion for third trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.26 | 60 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pulmonary hypoplasia · pregnant women with PROM Amnioinfusion for third trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 | 34 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal puerperal sepsis · pregnant women with PROM Amnioinfusion for third trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 | 60 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Postpartum maternal febrile morbidity · Women in labour Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.74, 1.8] | 3 studies · 997 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Neonatal infection · Women in labour Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 458 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Wound infection · Women in labour Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.47 [0.8, 2.7] | 1 study · 458 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction Scale from 1 to 5 · Women in labour Routine perineal shaving on admission in labour (2014) · Cochrane | MD 0 | 1 study · 458 participants | Low |
Any antibiotic vs placebo or no antibiotic (subgrouped by timing of induction of labour) Probable early‐onset neonatal sepsis ‐ Early induction of labour · pregnant women with prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.47 [0.8, 2.7] | 1 study · 1640 participants | Low |
Any antibiotic vs placebo or no antibiotic Serious maternal outcome · pregnant women with prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1906 participants | Ungraded |
Any antibiotic vs placebo or no antibiotic (subgrouped by timing of induction of labour) Probable early‐onset neonatal sepsis ‐ Late induction of labour · pregnant women with prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.02, 1.13] | 2 studies · 838 participants | Very low |
Any antibiotic vs placebo or no antibiotic (subgrouped by timing of induction of labour) Definite early‐onset neonatal sepsis ‐ Early induction of labour · pregnant women with prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.48, 3.44] | 1 study · 1640 participants | Low |
Any antibiotic vs placebo or no antibiotic (subgrouped by timing of induction of labour) Definite early‐onset neonatal sepsis ‐ Late induction of labour · pregnant women with prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.02, 1.34] | 2 studies · 838 participants | Very low |
Any antibiotic vs placebo or no antibiotic (subgrouped by timing of induction of labour) Maternal infectious morbidity (chorioamnionitis and/or endometritis) ‐ Early induction of labour · pregnant women with prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.64, 2.08] | 1 study · 1640 participants | Low |
Any antibiotic vs placebo or no antibiotic (subgrouped by timing of induction of labour) Maternal infectious morbidity (chorioamnionitis and/or endometritis) ‐ Late induction of labour · pregnant women with prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.08, 1.47] | 2 studies · 838 participants | Very low |
Any antibiotic vs placebo or no antibiotic Stillbirth · pregnant women with prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.61, 14.82] | 3 studies · 1906 participants | Low |
Any antibiotic vs placebo or no antibiotic Perinatal mortality · pregnant women with prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.98 [0.6, 6.55] | 4 studies · 2639 participants | Low |
Any antibiotic vs placebo or no antibiotic Neonatal mortality · pregnant women with prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term Antibiotics for prelabour rupture of membranes at or near term (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1906 participants | Ungraded |
PGE2 vs placebo or no treatment Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · patients with induction of labour at term Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.02, 4.83] | 2 studies · 384 participants | Very low |
(4.1) PGE2 gel vs PGE2 tablet (all women) Instrumental vaginal delivery · patients with induction of labour at term Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.58, 1.02] | 3 studies · 565 participants | Moderate |
(7.1) PGE2 (controlled release) vs all PGE2 delivery systems (all women) Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · patients with induction of labour at term Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.92, 1.45] | 3 studies · 450 participants | Moderate |
(7.1) PGE2 (controlled release) vs all PGE2 delivery systems (all women) Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes · patients with induction of labour at term Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.15 [0.89, 5.21] | 5 studies · 643 participants | Moderate |
(7.1) PGE2 (controlled release) vs all PGE2 delivery systems (all women) Caesarean section · patients with induction of labour at term Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.82, 1.26] | 11 studies · 1262 participants | Moderate |
(7.1) PGE2 (controlled release) vs all PGE2 delivery systems (all women) Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · patients with induction of labour at term Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.01, 7.62] | 2 studies · 320 participants | Low |
PGE2 vs placebo or no treatment Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes · patients with induction of labour at term Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 3.16 [1.67, 5.98] | 15 studies · 1359 participants | Moderate |
PGE2 vs placebo or no treatment Caesarean section · patients with induction of labour at term Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.81, 1.02] | 36 studies · 6599 participants | High |
PGE2 vs placebo or no treatment Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · patients with induction of labour at term Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.46 [0.09, 2.31] | 9 studies · 3638 participants | Low |
PGE2 vs placebo or no treatment Serious maternal morbidity or death · patients with induction of labour at term Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.23 [0.34, 14.76] | 3 studies · 530 participants | Very low |
(4.1) PGE2 gel vs PGE2 tablet (all women) Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · patients with induction of labour at term Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.84, 1.26] | 3 studies · 566 participants | Moderate |
(4.1) PGE2 gel vs PGE2 tablet (all women) Uterine hyperstimulation with FHR changes · patients with induction of labour at term Vaginal prostaglandin (PGE2 and PGF2a) for induction of labour at term (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.18, 21.71] | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |