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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.
10,375 questions in 429 reviews · Oral Health
current versionsNo studies 1,344 · 13%Ungraded 6,832 · 65.9%Very low 1,228 · 11.8%Low 613 · 5.9%Moderate 290 · 2.8%High 68 · 0.7%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Any antiretroviral therapy vs No antiretroviral medication Oral candidiasis prevalence · Children and adolescents living with HIV Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022) | OR 0.35 [0.19, 0.63] | 7 studies | Very low |
Intervention NR Difference in summary specificity (NMA, Analysis 2) · Electrical conductance vs Fluorescence Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022) | Specificity difference (95% CrI) -0.11 [-0.40, 0.07] | NR | Ungraded |
Fluoride-containing dental care products, primarily toothpaste vs Dietary fluoride sources in low-fluoridated areas Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · Adults · Low fluoride in water (0.3-0.51 mg/L) Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. (2022) | Mean percentage contribution 95 | 1 study | Ungraded |
Any preprocedural mouth rinse vs Placebo, no rinsing or control Acceptability and feasibility of the intervention to patients and dental healthcare providers · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | No included study assessed acceptability or feasibility. | 0 studies | No studies |
Antiretroviral therapy (any, including cART) vs No antiretroviral medication (treatment-naive) Recurrent oral ulceration prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH) Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022) | OR 1.50 [0.72, 3.13] | NR | Very low |
Essential oil/herbal mouthwash vs Water Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | At operator level, because of high heterogeneity (I2 = 98%), the results were not meta-analysed (3 studies; Gupta 2014, Nayak 2020, Shetty 2013). No pooled estimate or GRADE rating. | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Caries assessment at dentine threshold (cavitation into dentine) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses only) Caries prevalence · European adolescents aged 12–19 years · Publication year: < 2010 Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Prevalence 0.56 [0.22, 0.90] | 4 studies | Ungraded |
Traditional screening (referral card given if the inspecting dentist judges the child needs to see a dentist) vs No screening Malocclusion or orthodontic treatment needs measured by any validated index · School children (aged 4 to 15 years), primary and secondary schools in the UK and India School dental screening programmes for oral health (2022) · Cochrane | No studies measured malocclusion or orthodontic treatment needs (by any validated index). | 0 studies | No studies |
Responsive complementary feeding (RCF) / other caregivers' feeding practices vs Other models of complementary feeding (traditional/non-responsive CF) Hypertension (later in life) · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western… · Later in life Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other… (2022) | No studies on the influence of caregivers' feeding practices during complementary feeding on hypertension later in life were identified. | 0 studies | No studies |
Adaptive dragonfly algorithm with neural-network classifier vs KNN or SVM (not disaggregated in source) Accuracy advantage in test case 2 · Dental images of human beings · Patil et al., 2019 Uses of Different Machine Learning Algorithms for Diagnosis of Dental Caries. (2022) | Accuracy advantage 52 | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs No intervention or usual practice/activities Dental caries measured by DMFT scores · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) · Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and… (2022) | SMD -0.33 [-0.56, -0.10] | 7 studies · 6766 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine rinse (0.2%) pre- and post-extraction vs Chlorhexidine rinse (0.2%) post-extraction only Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.15, 2.17] | 1 study · 99 participants | Ungraded |
Dental caries assessment (dmft/DMFT index; ICDAS II in one study) vs None (descriptive prevalence; random-effects pooled proportion) Caries prevalence (total population) · Children (deciduous and/or permanent dentition) in low- and middle-income countries Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income… (2022) | Prevalence 0.387 [0.284, 0.495] | 11 studies · 11115 participants | Ungraded |
Maternal education attainment vs None (descriptive single-group pooled prevalence) No formal maternal education prevalence (among children with caries) · Children with dental caries (deciduous and/or permanent dentition) in low- and middle-income countries · No formal education Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income… (2022) | Prevalence 0.1014 [0.0334, 0.2007] | 3 studies · 1499 participants | Ungraded |
Ion-releasing restoration (glass ionomer-based and compomer/polyacid-modified composite) vs Resin composite restoration Secondary caries (caries around restorations), load-bearing cavities · Patients with permanent dentition in need of restorations in load-bearing cavities (Class I/II posterior) · Last reported follow-up (2-3 years) Secondary caries and marginal adaptation of ion-releasing versus resin composite restorations: a systematic… (2022) | RD -0.00 [-0.01, 0.01] | 6 studies · 883 participants | Ungraded |
Fluoride-free nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) dentifrice/paste vs Fluoridated control (sodium fluoride, NaF) Mineral loss (transversal microradiography) · Enamel/dentin specimens with initial caries lesions (or sound surfaces) in intraoral (in situ) appliances worn by… · Median 21 days (range 14-28 days), Net-demineralizing conditions Efficacy of nano-hydroxyapatite on caries prevention-a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | MD 1625 [553, 2697] | 1 study | Very low |
Essential oil/herbal mouthwash vs Water Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · assistant level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | At assistant level, because of high heterogeneity (I2 = 99%), the results were not meta-analysed (3 studies; Gupta 2014, Nayak 2020, Shetty 2013). No pooled estimate or GRADE rating. | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Dental caries assessment (WHO/clinical diagnostic criteria; caries = DMFT>0) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses by urban/rural status, country and year) Caries prevalence · 12-year-old children (permanent dentition) in Africa · Country: Sudan Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review… (2022) | Prevalence 0.31 [0.279, 0.333] | 1 study | Ungraded |
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) vs Monotherapy or dual antiretroviral therapy Linear gingival erythema prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH) Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022) | No significant difference in linear gingival erythema between CLWH on cART and those on monotherapy or dual therapy (no numeric estimate reported in the text); 1 study(ies). | 1 study | Very low |
Resin-modified GIC vs Compomer and composite resin Restoration failure · Children with carious primary teeth · 4 years, Class I and II Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious primary teeth without pulp… (2022) | Annual failure rate (%) compomer 4.2%; RMGIC 7.3%; composite resin 6.9% | 1 study · 48 participants | Ungraded |
Full-mouth disinfection (FMD): scaling/root planing (subgingival instrumentation) of all quadrants within 24 hours plus adjunctive antiseptic (chlorhexidine) treatments (rinsing, pocket irrigation, tongue/tonsil brushing) vs Quadrant scaling and root planing (control): SRP of each quadrant in separate sessions at least one week apart Change in bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with a clinical diagnosis of (chronic) periodontitis (1999 classification); studies of aggressive… · 6 to 8 months (SoF); similar at 3 to 4 months Full‐mouth treatment modalities (within 24 hours) for periodontitis in adults (2022) · Cochrane | MD 9.54 [-2.24, 21.32] | 4 studies · 92 participants | Very low |
Living with HIV and undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART/HAART) vs Healthy HIV-negative controls Persistent parotid enlargement (WHO clinical stage 2) · Children and adolescents (<18 years) · Cross-sectional (case-control; single time point) Oral Health Status of Children and Adolescents Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy: A… (2022) | OR 10.36 [0.53, 201.45] | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
Antiretroviral therapy (any, including cART) vs No antiretroviral medication (treatment-naive) Oral hairy leukoplakia prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH) Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022) | OR 2.75 [0.39, 19.43] | NR | Very low |
Caries experience measurement (mean D(M)FS, enamel lesions included) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses only) Caries experience (mean DMFS) · European adolescents aged 12–19 years · Region: Scandinavian Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | MEAN 4.43 [2.52, 7.81] | 8 studies | Ungraded |
Fluorescence-based devices vs Reference standard (histology, operative excavation, or enhanced visual examination) Sensitivity for detecting enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults suspected of enamel caries (clinical studies); extracted teeth (in vitro studies) · Analysis 1: fully within-person comparison (studies evaluating >=3 index tests) Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022) | Sensitivity 0.71 [0.59, 0.81] | 19 studies · 2849 participants | Ungraded |
Common genetic variants genome-wide (GWAS; ~3.9 million SNPs with MAF > 5%) vs ECC-unaffected children (per-allele case-control association) Early childhood caries (ECC) - association at lead SNP rs7325099 (13:28104496; nearest gene(s) LNX2, POLR1D, RPL21) · Children up to age 5-6 years (European / European non-Hispanic ancestry); 843 ECC-affected vs 2124 unaffected across 5… · Cross-sectional (ECC ascertained at the last dental exam before age 6), rs7325099 (13:28104496); effect/non-effect allele A/C; MAF 0.50; direction across 5 cohorts ++?++ Association of Early Childhood Caries with Bitter Taste Receptors: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide… (2022) | Z-score (Stouffer's combined Z, 5 cohorts) 4.485 | 5 studies · 2974 participants | Ungraded |
Living with HIV and undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART/HAART) vs Healthy HIV-negative controls Dental caries prevalence (DMFT/dmft/DMFS/dmfs > 0) · Children and adolescents (<18 years) · Cross-sectional (case-control; single time point) Oral Health Status of Children and Adolescents Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy: A… (2022) | OR 2.70 [2.01, 3.62] | 2 studies · 1028 participants | Ungraded |
Enamel caries quantification (DeS/DeT within total D(M)FS/D(M)FT) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses only) Enamel caries proportion of total caries experience · European adolescents aged 12–19 years · Age group: 16–19 years Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Proportion 0.37 [0.24, 0.56] | 3 studies | Ungraded |
Neocone vs Zinc oxide eugenol Time to complete resolution of pain (days) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction · Complete resolution of pain Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane | MD -3.79 [-4.04, -3.54] | 1 study · 78 participants | Ungraded |
Povidone iodine vs Ozonated water Reduction in level of contamination by particles <=5 um (droplet nuclei) at >=2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · droplet nuclei; anaerobic cultures Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -2.6 [-9.54, 4.34] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF; 38% or 30%), applied at any frequency vs No treatment or another non-invasive/minimally-invasive treatment (ART, sodium fluoride or silver-based varnish, or 12% SDF) Caries arrest · Children (age 1-10 years) with active cavitated dentin caries lesions in primary molars · Pooled across follow-up evaluations (1-36 months) Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) Efficacy in Arresting Cavitated Caries Lesions in Primary Molars: A Systematic… (2022) | ES 0.33 [0.26, 0.40] | 5 studies · 1386 participants | Ungraded |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · tempered CHX vs tempered CPC; operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -2.2 [-9.07, 4.67] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS) vs Traditional complementary feeding (TCF) Overweight/obesity risk · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western… · Follow-up to 24 months, BLISS; randomized controlled trials Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other… (2022) | RR 0.15 [0.00, 17.79] | 2 studies · 457 participants | Low |
Preformed metal crown (PMC) vs Resin-modified glass-ionomer cement + composite resin (modified open-sandwich restoration) Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with carious primary molars treated by pulpotomy (vital pulp therapy) · 2 years, RMGIC + composite resin (modified open-sandwich) arm Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious lesions in pulp treated… (2022) | AFR 3.8 | 1 study · 87 participants | Ungraded |
Fluoride-containing dental care products, primarily toothpaste vs Dietary fluoride sources in medium-fluoridated areas Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · Children · Medium fluoride in water (0.52-0.77 mg/L) Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. (2022) | Mean percentage contribution 51 | 14 studies | Ungraded |
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control) Pain disability at treatment completion · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | SMD 0.02 [-0.21, 0.24] | 3 studies · 315 participants | Low |
Not applicable vs Not applicable Mean DMFT score · Children aged 12 years (plus or minus one year) in Africa · Overall, urban/rural-status analysis Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review… (2022) | Mean DMFT 1.1444 [0.9780, 1.3108] | NR | Ungraded |
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) vs Monotherapy or dual antiretroviral therapy Chronic herpes simplex infection prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH) Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022) | No significant difference in chronic herpes simplex infection between CLWH on cART and those on monotherapy or dual therapy (no numeric estimate reported in the text); 1 study(ies). | 1 study | Very low |
Traditional screening (referral card given if the inspecting dentist judges the child needs to see a dentist) vs No screening Proportion of children with other untreated oral health needs · School children (aged 4 to 15 years), primary and secondary schools in the UK and India School dental screening programmes for oral health (2022) · Cochrane | Proportion of children with other treated/untreated oral health need: Not reported (Summary of findings 1). | 0 studies | No studies |
Prefabricated zirconia crowns (e.g., NuSmile, Zirkiz, Kinder Krown) vs Other crowns/restorations (stainless steel crowns, pre-veneered SSC, resin composite strip crowns, glass-fiber composite crowns) Crown retention · Children with primary (deciduous) teeth requiring full-coverage crown restoration · 6 months Zirconia Crowns for Primary Teeth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. (2022) | RR 1.02 [0.94, 1.11] | 3 studies · 201 participants | Ungraded |
Boric acid vs Water Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · assistant level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -14.04 [-16.47, -11.61] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Boric acid Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane | MD -26.6 [-28.24, -24.96] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Caries experience - mean dfs (descriptive), primary dentition · CL/P vs no CL/P; Table 4 (1 group/1 study, Dahllof 1989) Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Mean dfs (SD) CL/P 7 (SD 8.5) vs no CL/P 3.9 (SD 5.1) | 1 study | Ungraded |
Maternal education attainment vs None (descriptive single-group pooled prevalence) Primary maternal education prevalence (among children with caries) · Children with dental caries (deciduous and/or permanent dentition) in low- and middle-income countries · Primary education Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income… (2022) | Prevalence 0.4246 [0.2799, 0.5763] | 7 studies · 3240 participants | Ungraded |
Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedure vs No antibiotic prophylaxis or placebo Development of endocarditis due to other (non-dental) causes · Adults or children at increased risk of bacterial endocarditis (pre-existing cardiac condition) undergoing an invasive… Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing bacterial endocarditis following dental procedures (2022) · Cochrane | Only four cases developed endocarditis following non-dental medical interventions (within the past 180 days and with pre-existing cardiac indications for the use of prophylaxis), so assessment of the effects of… | 0 studies | No studies |
Counselling (non-directive) vs Usual care Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane | Lupton 1968: multi-arm study; counselling arm versus usual care. No usable pain-reduction data reported and could not be combined in meta-analysis (Table 1). | 1 study | Ungraded |
Dental examinations at three-month intervals and preventive treatments vs Standard care MRONJ (incidence proportion) · Men with metastatic prostate cancer receiving intravenous zoledronic acid (at risk of MRONJ) · mean 32 months Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.10 [0.02, 0.39] | 1 study · 253 participants | Very low |
Caries assessment at enamel threshold (D(M)FS>0 or D(M)FT>0, enamel lesions included) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses only) Caries prevalence · European adolescents aged 12–19 years · Publication year: ≥ 2010 Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022) | Prevalence 0.72 [0.54, 0.89] | 15 studies | Ungraded |
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs No intervention or usual practice/activities Dental caries measured by net increment in DMFT scores · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) · Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer), Age 5-8 years Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and… (2022) | SMD -0.36 [-0.76, 0.04] | 5 studies | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Difference in summary specificity (NMA, Analysis 2) · Imaging vs Transillumination Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022) | Specificity difference (95% CrI) 0.07 [-0.03, 0.20] | NR | Ungraded |