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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.

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10,375 questions in 429 reviews · Oral Health

current versions
No studies 1,344 · 13%Ungraded 6,832 · 65.9%Very low 1,228 · 11.8%Low 613 · 5.9%Moderate 290 · 2.8%High 68 · 0.7%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Any antiretroviral therapy vs No antiretroviral medication
Oral candidiasis prevalence · Children and adolescents living with HIV
Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022)
OR 0.35 [0.19, 0.63]7 studiesVery low
Intervention NR
Difference in summary specificity (NMA, Analysis 2) · Electrical conductance vs Fluorescence
Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022)
Specificity difference (95% CrI) -0.11 [-0.40, 0.07]NRUngraded
Fluoride-containing dental care products, primarily toothpaste vs Dietary fluoride sources in low-fluoridated areas
Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · Adults · Low fluoride in water (0.3-0.51 mg/L)
Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. (2022)
Mean percentage contribution 951 studyUngraded
Any preprocedural mouth rinse vs Placebo, no rinsing or control
Acceptability and feasibility of the intervention to patients and dental healthcare providers · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs)
Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane
No included study assessed acceptability or feasibility.0 studiesNo studies
Antiretroviral therapy (any, including cART) vs No antiretroviral medication (treatment-naive)
Recurrent oral ulceration prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH)
Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022)
OR 1.50 [0.72, 3.13]NRVery low
Essential oil/herbal mouthwash vs Water
Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level
Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane
At operator level, because of high heterogeneity (I2 = 98%), the results were not meta-analysed (3 studies; Gupta 2014, Nayak 2020, Shetty 2013). No pooled estimate or GRADE rating.3 studiesUngraded
Caries assessment at dentine threshold (cavitation into dentine) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses only)
Caries prevalence · European adolescents aged 12–19 years · Publication year: < 2010
Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
Prevalence 0.56 [0.22, 0.90]4 studiesUngraded
Traditional screening (referral card given if the inspecting dentist judges the child needs to see a dentist) vs No screening
Malocclusion or orthodontic treatment needs measured by any validated index · School children (aged 4 to 15 years), primary and secondary schools in the UK and India
School dental screening programmes for oral health (2022) · Cochrane
No studies measured malocclusion or orthodontic treatment needs (by any validated index).0 studiesNo studies
Responsive complementary feeding (RCF) / other caregivers' feeding practices vs Other models of complementary feeding (traditional/non-responsive CF)
Hypertension (later in life) · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western… · Later in life
Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other… (2022)
No studies on the influence of caregivers' feeding practices during complementary feeding on hypertension later in life were identified.0 studiesNo studies
Adaptive dragonfly algorithm with neural-network classifier vs KNN or SVM (not disaggregated in source)
Accuracy advantage in test case 2 · Dental images of human beings · Patil et al., 2019
Uses of Different Machine Learning Algorithms for Diagnosis of Dental Caries. (2022)
Accuracy advantage 521 study · 40 participantsUngraded
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs No intervention or usual practice/activities
Dental caries measured by DMFT scores · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) · Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer)
Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and… (2022)
SMD -0.33 [-0.56, -0.10]7 studies · 6766 participantsVery low
Chlorhexidine rinse (0.2%) pre- and post-extraction vs Chlorhexidine rinse (0.2%) post-extraction only
Presence of dry socket · Adults (>18 years) having permanent tooth extraction (predominantly mandibular third molars) · Follow-up: median 7 days
Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.58 [0.15, 2.17]1 study · 99 participantsUngraded
Dental caries assessment (dmft/DMFT index; ICDAS II in one study) vs None (descriptive prevalence; random-effects pooled proportion)
Caries prevalence (total population) · Children (deciduous and/or permanent dentition) in low- and middle-income countries
Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income… (2022)
Prevalence 0.387 [0.284, 0.495]11 studies · 11115 participantsUngraded
Maternal education attainment vs None (descriptive single-group pooled prevalence)
No formal maternal education prevalence (among children with caries) · Children with dental caries (deciduous and/or permanent dentition) in low- and middle-income countries · No formal education
Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income… (2022)
Prevalence 0.1014 [0.0334, 0.2007]3 studies · 1499 participantsUngraded
Ion-releasing restoration (glass ionomer-based and compomer/polyacid-modified composite) vs Resin composite restoration
Secondary caries (caries around restorations), load-bearing cavities · Patients with permanent dentition in need of restorations in load-bearing cavities (Class I/II posterior) · Last reported follow-up (2-3 years)
Secondary caries and marginal adaptation of ion-releasing versus resin composite restorations: a systematic… (2022)
RD -0.00 [-0.01, 0.01]6 studies · 883 participantsUngraded
Fluoride-free nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) dentifrice/paste vs Fluoridated control (sodium fluoride, NaF)
Mineral loss (transversal microradiography) · Enamel/dentin specimens with initial caries lesions (or sound surfaces) in intraoral (in situ) appliances worn by… · Median 21 days (range 14-28 days), Net-demineralizing conditions
Efficacy of nano-hydroxyapatite on caries prevention-a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
MD 1625 [553, 2697]1 studyVery low
Essential oil/herbal mouthwash vs Water
Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · assistant level
Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane
At assistant level, because of high heterogeneity (I2 = 99%), the results were not meta-analysed (3 studies; Gupta 2014, Nayak 2020, Shetty 2013). No pooled estimate or GRADE rating.3 studiesUngraded
Dental caries assessment (WHO/clinical diagnostic criteria; caries = DMFT>0) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses by urban/rural status, country and year)
Caries prevalence · 12-year-old children (permanent dentition) in Africa · Country: Sudan
Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review… (2022)
Prevalence 0.31 [0.279, 0.333]1 studyUngraded
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) vs Monotherapy or dual antiretroviral therapy
Linear gingival erythema prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH)
Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022)
No significant difference in linear gingival erythema between CLWH on cART and those on monotherapy or dual therapy (no numeric estimate reported in the text); 1 study(ies).1 studyVery low
Resin-modified GIC vs Compomer and composite resin
Restoration failure · Children with carious primary teeth · 4 years, Class I and II
Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious primary teeth without pulp… (2022)
Annual failure rate (%) compomer 4.2%; RMGIC 7.3%; composite resin 6.9%1 study · 48 participantsUngraded
Full-mouth disinfection (FMD): scaling/root planing (subgingival instrumentation) of all quadrants within 24 hours plus adjunctive antiseptic (chlorhexidine) treatments (rinsing, pocket irrigation, tongue/tonsil brushing) vs Quadrant scaling and root planing (control): SRP of each quadrant in separate sessions at least one week apart
Change in bleeding on probing (BOP) · Adults with a clinical diagnosis of (chronic) periodontitis (1999 classification); studies of aggressive… · 6 to 8 months (SoF); similar at 3 to 4 months
Full‐mouth treatment modalities (within 24 hours) for periodontitis in adults (2022) · Cochrane
MD 9.54 [-2.24, 21.32]4 studies · 92 participantsVery low
Living with HIV and undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART/HAART) vs Healthy HIV-negative controls
Persistent parotid enlargement (WHO clinical stage 2) · Children and adolescents (<18 years) · Cross-sectional (case-control; single time point)
Oral Health Status of Children and Adolescents Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy: A… (2022)
OR 10.36 [0.53, 201.45]1 study · 60 participantsUngraded
Antiretroviral therapy (any, including cART) vs No antiretroviral medication (treatment-naive)
Oral hairy leukoplakia prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH)
Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022)
OR 2.75 [0.39, 19.43]NRVery low
Caries experience measurement (mean D(M)FS, enamel lesions included) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses only)
Caries experience (mean DMFS) · European adolescents aged 12–19 years · Region: Scandinavian
Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
MEAN 4.43 [2.52, 7.81]8 studiesUngraded
Fluorescence-based devices vs Reference standard (histology, operative excavation, or enhanced visual examination)
Sensitivity for detecting enamel caries · Asymptomatic children or adults suspected of enamel caries (clinical studies); extracted teeth (in vitro studies) · Analysis 1: fully within-person comparison (studies evaluating >=3 index tests)
Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022)
Sensitivity 0.71 [0.59, 0.81]19 studies · 2849 participantsUngraded
Common genetic variants genome-wide (GWAS; ~3.9 million SNPs with MAF > 5%) vs ECC-unaffected children (per-allele case-control association)
Early childhood caries (ECC) - association at lead SNP rs7325099 (13:28104496; nearest gene(s) LNX2, POLR1D, RPL21) · Children up to age 5-6 years (European / European non-Hispanic ancestry); 843 ECC-affected vs 2124 unaffected across 5… · Cross-sectional (ECC ascertained at the last dental exam before age 6), rs7325099 (13:28104496); effect/non-effect allele A/C; MAF 0.50; direction across 5 cohorts ++?++
Association of Early Childhood Caries with Bitter Taste Receptors: A Meta-Analysis of Genome-Wide… (2022)
Z-score (Stouffer's combined Z, 5 cohorts) 4.4855 studies · 2974 participantsUngraded
Living with HIV and undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART/HAART) vs Healthy HIV-negative controls
Dental caries prevalence (DMFT/dmft/DMFS/dmfs > 0) · Children and adolescents (<18 years) · Cross-sectional (case-control; single time point)
Oral Health Status of Children and Adolescents Living with HIV Undergoing Antiretroviral Therapy: A… (2022)
OR 2.70 [2.01, 3.62]2 studies · 1028 participantsUngraded
Enamel caries quantification (DeS/DeT within total D(M)FS/D(M)FT) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses only)
Enamel caries proportion of total caries experience · European adolescents aged 12–19 years · Age group: 16–19 years
Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
Proportion 0.37 [0.24, 0.56]3 studiesUngraded
Neocone vs Zinc oxide eugenol
Time to complete resolution of pain (days) · Adults (>18 years) with established dry socket following permanent tooth extraction · Complete resolution of pain
Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) (2022) · Cochrane
MD -3.79 [-4.04, -3.54]1 study · 78 participantsUngraded
Povidone iodine vs Ozonated water
Reduction in level of contamination by particles <=5 um (droplet nuclei) at >=2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · droplet nuclei; anaerobic cultures
Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane
MD -2.6 [-9.54, 4.34]1 study · 40 participantsVery low
Silver diamine fluoride (SDF; 38% or 30%), applied at any frequency vs No treatment or another non-invasive/minimally-invasive treatment (ART, sodium fluoride or silver-based varnish, or 12% SDF)
Caries arrest · Children (age 1-10 years) with active cavitated dentin caries lesions in primary molars · Pooled across follow-up evaluations (1-36 months)
Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) Efficacy in Arresting Cavitated Caries Lesions in Primary Molars: A Systematic… (2022)
ES 0.33 [0.26, 0.40]5 studies · 1386 participantsUngraded
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)
Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · tempered CHX vs tempered CPC; operator level
Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane
MD -2.2 [-9.07, 4.67]1 study · 20 participantsVery low
Baby-Led Introduction to SolidS (BLISS) vs Traditional complementary feeding (TCF)
Overweight/obesity risk · Healthy, term-born, normal-birth-weight infants aged 4-24 months (breastfed and/or formula-fed) in Western… · Follow-up to 24 months, BLISS; randomized controlled trials
Complementary Feeding Caregivers' Practices and Growth, Risk of Overweight/Obesity, and Other… (2022)
RR 0.15 [0.00, 17.79]2 studies · 457 participantsLow
Preformed metal crown (PMC) vs Resin-modified glass-ionomer cement + composite resin (modified open-sandwich restoration)
Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with carious primary molars treated by pulpotomy (vital pulp therapy) · 2 years, RMGIC + composite resin (modified open-sandwich) arm
Clinical effectiveness of restorative materials for the restoration of carious lesions in pulp treated… (2022)
AFR 3.81 study · 87 participantsUngraded
Fluoride-containing dental care products, primarily toothpaste vs Dietary fluoride sources in medium-fluoridated areas
Contribution to total daily fluoride intake · Children · Medium fluoride in water (0.52-0.77 mg/L)
Fluoride Intake Through Dental Care Products: A Systematic Review. (2022)
Mean percentage contribution 5114 studiesUngraded
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) vs Usual care, waiting list or no treatment (control)
Pain disability at treatment completion · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer · Treatment completion
Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane
SMD 0.02 [-0.21, 0.24]3 studies · 315 participantsLow
Not applicable vs Not applicable
Mean DMFT score · Children aged 12 years (plus or minus one year) in Africa · Overall, urban/rural-status analysis
Prevalence of dental caries in the permanent dentition amongst 12-year-olds in Africa: a systematic review… (2022)
Mean DMFT 1.1444 [0.9780, 1.3108]NRUngraded
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) vs Monotherapy or dual antiretroviral therapy
Chronic herpes simplex infection prevalence · Children and adolescents (<18 years) living with HIV (CLWH)
Impact of Antiretroviral Therapy on Oral Health among Children Living with HIV: A Systematic Review and… (2022)
No significant difference in chronic herpes simplex infection between CLWH on cART and those on monotherapy or dual therapy (no numeric estimate reported in the text); 1 study(ies).1 studyVery low
Traditional screening (referral card given if the inspecting dentist judges the child needs to see a dentist) vs No screening
Proportion of children with other untreated oral health needs · School children (aged 4 to 15 years), primary and secondary schools in the UK and India
School dental screening programmes for oral health (2022) · Cochrane
Proportion of children with other treated/untreated oral health need: Not reported (Summary of findings 1).0 studiesNo studies
Prefabricated zirconia crowns (e.g., NuSmile, Zirkiz, Kinder Krown) vs Other crowns/restorations (stainless steel crowns, pre-veneered SSC, resin composite strip crowns, glass-fiber composite crowns)
Crown retention · Children with primary (deciduous) teeth requiring full-coverage crown restoration · 6 months
Zirconia Crowns for Primary Teeth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. (2022)
RR 1.02 [0.94, 1.11]3 studies · 201 participantsUngraded
Boric acid vs Water
Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · assistant level
Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane
MD -14.04 [-16.47, -11.61]1 study · 60 participantsVery low
Chlorhexidine (CHX) vs Boric acid
Reduction in level of contamination by particles >5 um (droplets) at <2 m from patient's oral cavity · Dental patients undergoing aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) and the dental healthcare providers treating them · operator level
Preprocedural mouth rinses for preventing transmission of infectious diseases through aerosols in dental… (2022) · Cochrane
MD -26.6 [-28.24, -24.96]1 study · 60 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Caries experience - mean dfs (descriptive), primary dentition · CL/P vs no CL/P; Table 4 (1 group/1 study, Dahllof 1989)
Caries in children with and without orofacial clefting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
Mean dfs (SD) CL/P 7 (SD 8.5) vs no CL/P 3.9 (SD 5.1)1 studyUngraded
Maternal education attainment vs None (descriptive single-group pooled prevalence)
Primary maternal education prevalence (among children with caries) · Children with dental caries (deciduous and/or permanent dentition) in low- and middle-income countries · Primary education
Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income… (2022)
Prevalence 0.4246 [0.2799, 0.5763]7 studies · 3240 participantsUngraded
Antibiotic prophylaxis before dental procedure vs No antibiotic prophylaxis or placebo
Development of endocarditis due to other (non-dental) causes · Adults or children at increased risk of bacterial endocarditis (pre-existing cardiac condition) undergoing an invasive…
Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing bacterial endocarditis following dental procedures (2022) · Cochrane
Only four cases developed endocarditis following non-dental medical interventions (within the past 180 days and with pre-existing cardiac indications for the use of prophylaxis), so assessment of the effects of…0 studiesNo studies
Counselling (non-directive) vs Usual care
Pain intensity · People aged 12 years and over with painful TMD lasting 3 months or longer
Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) (2022) · Cochrane
Lupton 1968: multi-arm study; counselling arm versus usual care. No usable pain-reduction data reported and could not be combined in meta-analysis (Table 1).1 studyUngraded
Dental examinations at three-month intervals and preventive treatments vs Standard care
MRONJ (incidence proportion) · Men with metastatic prostate cancer receiving intravenous zoledronic acid (at risk of MRONJ) · mean 32 months
Interventions for managing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.10 [0.02, 0.39]1 study · 253 participantsVery low
Caries assessment at enamel threshold (D(M)FS>0 or D(M)FT>0, enamel lesions included) vs None (descriptive prevalence review; subgroup analyses only)
Caries prevalence · European adolescents aged 12–19 years · Publication year: ≥ 2010
Dental caries at enamel and dentine level among European adolescents - a systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022)
Prevalence 0.72 [0.54, 0.89]15 studiesUngraded
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs No intervention or usual practice/activities
Dental caries measured by net increment in DMFT scores · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) · Post-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer), Age 5-8 years
Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and… (2022)
SMD -0.36 [-0.76, 0.04]5 studiesUngraded
Intervention NR
Difference in summary specificity (NMA, Analysis 2) · Imaging vs Transillumination
Enamel Caries Detection and Diagnosis: An Analysis of Systematic Reviews. (2022)
Specificity difference (95% CrI) 0.07 [-0.03, 0.20]NRUngraded