Gap finder

Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

75,239 questions in 5,342 reviews

current versions
No studies 15,213 · 20.2%Ungraded 10,323 · 13.7%Very low 17,528 · 23.3%Low 17,951 · 23.9%Moderate 11,190 · 14.9%High 3,034 · 4%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Smartphone app vs no/minimal intervention
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) (mL/kg/min) · adults
Mobile health (m‐health) smartphone interventions for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 60 participantsVery low
Smartphone app vs no/minimal intervention
Total activity time (TAA) (min/week) · adults
Mobile health (m‐health) smartphone interventions for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 650 participantsModerate
Smartphone app vs no/minimal intervention
Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) · adults
Mobile health (m‐health) smartphone interventions for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 146 participantsVery low
Smartphone app vs no/minimal intervention
Body weight (BW)(kg) · adults
Mobile health (m‐health) smartphone interventions for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 441 participantsModerate
Smartphone app vs no/minimal intervention
Body weight change (BWC) (kg) · adults
Mobile health (m‐health) smartphone interventions for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 1044 participantsLow
Smartphone app vs no/minimal intervention
Health‐related quality of life(WHOQOL‐BREF questionnaire, score · adults
Mobile health (m‐health) smartphone interventions for adolescents and adults with overweight or obesity (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 149 participantsModerate
Summary of findings table ‐ Daratumumab plus standard therapy vs standard therapy
Overall survival (at 36 months) · people with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma ineligible for transplant
Daratumumab and antineoplastic therapy versus antineoplastic therapy only for adults with newly diagnosed… (2024) · Cochrane
HR 0.64 [0.53, 0.76]2 studies · 1443 participantsModerate
Summary of findings table ‐ Daratumumab plus standard therapy vs standard therapy
Progression‐free survival (at 24 months) · people with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma ineligible for transplant
Daratumumab and antineoplastic therapy versus antineoplastic therapy only for adults with newly diagnosed… (2024) · Cochrane
HR 0.48 [0.39, 0.58]3 studies · 1663 participantsModerate
Summary of findings table ‐ Daratumumab plus standard therapy vs standard therapy
Quality of life: EORTC 12 monthScale from: 0 to 100 · people with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma ineligible for transplant
Daratumumab and antineoplastic therapy versus antineoplastic therapy only for adults with newly diagnosed… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 1096 participantsLow
Summary of findings table ‐ Daratumumab plus standard therapy vs standard therapy
On‐study mortality (longest available · people with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma ineligible for transplant
Daratumumab and antineoplastic therapy versus antineoplastic therapy only for adults with newly diagnosed… (2024) · Cochrane
Risk Ratio 0.72 [0.62, 0.83]3 studies · 1644 participantsModerate
Summary of findings table ‐ Daratumumab plus standard therapy vs standard therapy
Serious adverse events (longest available · people with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma ineligible for transplant
Daratumumab and antineoplastic therapy versus antineoplastic therapy only for adults with newly diagnosed… (2024) · Cochrane
Risk Ratio 1.18 [1.02, 1.37]3 studies · 1644 participantsModerate
Summary of findings table ‐ Daratumumab plus standard therapy vs standard therapy
Adverse events (CTCAE grade ≥ 3) (longest available · people with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma ineligible for transplant
Daratumumab and antineoplastic therapy versus antineoplastic therapy only for adults with newly diagnosed… (2024) · Cochrane
Risk Ratio 1.01 [0.99, 1.02]3 studies · 1644 participantsModerate
Summary of findings table ‐ Daratumumab plus standard therapy vs standard therapy
Adverse events: infections (CTCAE grade ≥ 3) (longest available · people with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma ineligible for transplant
Daratumumab and antineoplastic therapy versus antineoplastic therapy only for adults with newly diagnosed… (2024) · Cochrane
Risk Ratio 1.52 [1.3, 1.78]3 studies · 1644 participantsModerate
Escitalopram vs placebo
PTSD severity at 3 months · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms
Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 23 participantsVery low
Hydrocortisone vs placebo
Quality of life at 3 months · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms
Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 43 participantsVery low
Escitalopram vs placebo
Dropouts due to adverse events at 3 months · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms
Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 31 participantsVery low
Escitalopram vs placebo
PTSD rate at 3 months · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms
Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.59 [0.03, 13.08]1 study · 23 participantsVery low
Escitalopram vs placebo
Functional disability at 3 months ‐ not measured · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms
Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Escitalopram vs placebo
Quality of life at 3 months ‐ not measured · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms
Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Hydrocortisone vs placebo
PTSD severity at 3 months · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms
Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted3 studies · 136 participantsVery low
Hydrocortisone vs placebo
Dropouts due to adverse events at 3 months · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms
Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… (2024) · Cochrane
RR 3.19 [0.13, 75.43]2 studies · 182 participantsLow
Hydrocortisone vs placebo
PTSD rate at 3 months · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms
Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.47 [0.09, 2.38]3 studies · 136 participantsVery low
Hydrocortisone vs placebo
Functional disability at 3 months ‐ not measured · adults experiencing acute traumatic stress symptoms
Early pharmacological interventions for prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in individuals… (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Pexastimogene devacirepvec (Pexa‐Vec) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care alone
Overall survival (absolute effect size estimates based on survival rate at 20 months) (censored observation) · participants with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
HR 1.19 [0.78, 1.82]1 study · 129 participantsVery low
Adenovirus‐thymidine kinase with ganciclovir (ADV‐TK/GCV) plus liver transplantation vs liver transplantation
Adverse events considered non‐serious (number of participants) · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
RR 20.13 [1.25, 324]1 study · 45 participantsVery low
Double‐dose adenovirus‐thymidine kinase with ganciclovir (ADV‐TK/GCV) plus liver transplantation vs liver transplantation
All‐cause mortality · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.4 [0.22, 0.73]1 study · 86 participantsLow
Double‐dose adenovirus‐thymidine kinase with ganciclovir (ADV‐TK/GCV) plus liver transplantation vs liver transplantation
Proportion of people with ≥ 1 serious adverse events during treatment · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Double‐dose adenovirus‐thymidine kinase with ganciclovir (ADV‐TK/GCV) plus liver transplantation vs liver transplantation
Health‐related quality of life · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Double‐dose adenovirus‐thymidine kinase with ganciclovir (ADV‐TK/GCV) plus liver transplantation vs liver transplantation
Proportion of people with disease progression · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Double‐dose adenovirus‐thymidine kinase with ganciclovir (ADV‐TK/GCV) plus liver transplantation vs liver transplantation
Adverse events considered non‐serious · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Recombinant human adenovirus‐p53 and hydroxycamptothecin (rAd‐p53/HCT) vs hydroxycamptothecin
Overall survival Censored · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
RR 3.06 [0.16, 60.47]1 study · 48 participantsVery low
Recombinant human adenovirus‐p53 and hydroxycamptothecin (rAd‐p53/HCT) vs hydroxycamptothecin
Proportion of people with ≥ 1 serious adverse events · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Recombinant human adenovirus‐p53 and hydroxycamptothecin (rAd‐p53/HCT) vs hydroxycamptothecin
Health‐related quality of life · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Recombinant human adenovirus‐p53 and hydroxycamptothecin (rAd‐p53/HCT) vs hydroxycamptothecin
Proportion of people with disease progression · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
RR 2.4 [0.57, 10.08]1 study · 48 participantsVery low
Pexastimogene devacirepvec (Pexa‐Vec) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care alone
Proportion of people with ≥ 1 serious adverse events (at 20 months) · participants with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
RR 1.42 [0.6, 3.33]1 study · 129 participantsVery low
Recombinant human adenovirus‐p53 and hydroxycamptothecin (rAd‐p53/HCT) vs hydroxycamptothecin
Adverse events considered non‐serious (number of events) · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 48 participantsVery low
Recombinant human adenovirus‐p53 and 5‐fluorouracil (rAd‐p53/5‐Fu) plus transarterial chemoembolisation vs transarterial chemoembolisation
Overall survival · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Recombinant human adenovirus‐p53 and 5‐fluorouracil (rAd‐p53/5‐Fu) plus transarterial chemoembolisation vs transarterial chemoembolisation
Proportion of people with ≥ 1 serious adverse events · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Recombinant human adenovirus‐p53 and 5‐fluorouracil (rAd‐p53/5‐Fu) plus transarterial chemoembolisation vs transarterial chemoembolisation
Health‐related quality of life · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Recombinant human adenovirus‐p53 and 5‐fluorouracil (rAd‐p53/5‐Fu) plus transarterial chemoembolisation vs transarterial chemoembolisation
Proportion of people with disease progression · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.86 [0.34, 2.16]1 study · 46 participantsVery low
Recombinant human adenovirus‐p53 and 5‐fluorouracil (rAd‐p53/5‐Fu) plus transarterial chemoembolisation vs transarterial chemoembolisation
Adverse events considered non‐serious (number of events) · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
E1B‐deleted (dl1520) adenovirus vs percutaneous ethanol injection
Overall survival · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
E1B‐deleted (dl1520) adenovirus vs percutaneous ethanol injection
Proportion of people with ≥ 1 serious adverse events · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
E1B‐deleted (dl1520) adenovirus vs percutaneous ethanol injection
Health‐related quality of life · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
E1B‐deleted (dl1520) adenovirus vs percutaneous ethanol injection
Proportion of people with disease progression · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
RR 1.33 [0.58, 3.09]1 study · 10 participantsVery low
Pexastimogene devacirepvec (Pexa‐Vec) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care alone
Health‐related quality of life · participants with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 129 participantsVery low
E1B‐deleted (dl1520) adenovirus vs percutaneous ethanol injection
Adverse events considered non‐serious (number of participants) · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.82 [0.49, 1.38]1 study · 10 participantsVery low
Pexastimogene devacirepvec (Pexa‐Vec) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care alone
Proportion of people with disease progression · participants with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
RR 2.64 [1.29, 5.43]1 study · 129 participantsVery low
Pexastimogene devacirepvec (Pexa‐Vec) plus best supportive care vs best supportive care alone
Adverse events considered non‐serious (number of participants) · participants with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
RR 2 [1.47, 2.72]1 study · 129 participantsVery low
Adenovirus‐thymidine kinase with ganciclovir (ADV‐TK/GCV) plus liver transplantation vs liver transplantation
All‐cause mortality · participants with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma
Gene therapy for people with hepatocellular carcinoma (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.39 [0.2, 0.76]1 study · 45 participantsVery low