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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,521 questions in 132 reviews · Hepato-Biliary
current versionsNo studies 303 · 19.9%Ungraded 39 · 2.6%Very low 876 · 57.6%Low 216 · 14.2%Moderate 65 · 4.3%High 22 · 1.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic vs control Serious adverse events · patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation versus no intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation for… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.49, 2.34] | 13 studies · 988 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic vs control Health related quality of life ‐ not measured · patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation versus no intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation for… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic vs control Hospital stay · patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation versus no intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation for… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 936 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic vs control Proportion discharged as day surgery · patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation versus no intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation for… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.64, 3.2] | 3 studies · 242 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic vs control Pain (4 to 8 hours)Scale from: 1 to 10 · patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation versus no intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation for… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 57 studies · 4046 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic vs control Pain (9 to 24 hours)Scale from: 1 to 10 · patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy Intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation versus no intraperitoneal local anaesthetic instillation for… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 52 studies · 3588 participants | Low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Electrocoagulation alone vs control (vehicle solution of allopurinol by mouth) All‐cause mortality at last · people with liver metastases Electrocoagulation for liver metastases (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.94, 1.03] | 1 study · 113 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Electrocoagulation in combination with allopurinol or with dimethyl sulphoxide vs control (vehicle solution of allopurinol by mouth) Tumour response · people with liver metastases Electrocoagulation for liver metastases (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Electrocoagulation alone vs control (vehicle solution of allopurinol by mouth) Post‐operative deaths · people with liver metastases Electrocoagulation for liver metastases (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.07, 16.12] | 1 study · 152 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Electrocoagulation alone vs control (vehicle solution of allopurinol by mouth) Other adverse events and complications · people with liver metastases Electrocoagulation for liver metastases (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Electrocoagulation alone vs control (vehicle solution of allopurinol by mouth) Failure to clear liver metastases or recurrence of liver metastases · people with liver metastases Electrocoagulation for liver metastases (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Electrocoagulation alone vs control (vehicle solution of allopurinol by mouth) Tumour response · people with liver metastases Electrocoagulation for liver metastases (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Electrocoagulation in combination with allopurinol or with dimethyl sulphoxide vs control (vehicle solution of allopurinol by mouth) All‐cause mortality at last · people with liver metastases Electrocoagulation for liver metastases (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.8, 0.95] | 1 study · 165 participants | Low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Electrocoagulation in combination with allopurinol or with dimethyl sulphoxide vs control (vehicle solution of allopurinol by mouth) Post‐operative deaths · people with liver metastases Electrocoagulation for liver metastases (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.09, 11.06] | 1 study · 231 participants | Very low |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Electrocoagulation in combination with allopurinol or with dimethyl sulphoxide vs control (vehicle solution of allopurinol by mouth) Other adverse events and complications · people with liver metastases Electrocoagulation for liver metastases (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of Findings Table ‐ Electrocoagulation in combination with allopurinol or with dimethyl sulphoxide vs control (vehicle solution of allopurinol by mouth) Failure to clear liver metastases or recurrence of liver metastases · people with liver metastases Electrocoagulation for liver metastases (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Band ligation vs sham or no intervention All‐cause mortality · children with portal hypertension and large oesophageal varices, without previous gastrointestinal bleeding or… Band ligation versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.54 [0.11, 56.25] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Band ligation vs sham or no intervention Serious adverse events Idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura · children with portal hypertension and large oesophageal varices, without previous gastrointestinal bleeding or… Band ligation versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.01, 6.25] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Band ligation vs sham or no intervention Health‐related quality of life · children with portal hypertension and large oesophageal varices, without previous gastrointestinal bleeding or… Band ligation versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Band ligation vs sham or no intervention Oesophageal variceal bleeding · children with portal hypertension and large oesophageal varices, without previous gastrointestinal bleeding or… Band ligation versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.03, 2.27] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Band ligation vs sham or no intervention Adverse events considered not serious · children with portal hypertension and large oesophageal varices, without previous gastrointestinal bleeding or… Band ligation versus sham or no intervention for primary prophylaxis of oesophageal variceal bleeding in… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention All‐cause mortality · people with chronic liver diseases Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.51, 1.45] | 27 studies · 1979 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention Liver‐related mortality · people with chronic liver diseases Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.62 [0.08, 34.66] | 1 study · 18 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention Serious adverse events · people with chronic liver diseases Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention Liver‐related morbidity · people with chronic liver diseases Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention Health‐related quality of life · people with chronic liver diseases Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention Non‐serious adverse events · people with chronic liver diseases Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no intervention Failure of sustained virological response · people with chronic liver diseases Vitamin D supplementation for chronic liver diseases in adults (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.42, 1.01] | 7 studies · 630 participants | Very low |
Adjuvant chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy All‐cause mortality at 5 years · people with resectable cholangiocarcinoma Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.84, 1.01] | 4 studies · 867 participants | Very low |
Adjuvant chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy Serious adverse events · people with resectable cholangiocarcinoma Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma (2021) · Cochrane | RR 17.82 [2.43, 130.82] | 1 study · 219 participants | Very low |
Adjuvant chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy Health‐related quality of life · people with resectable cholangiocarcinoma Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adjuvant chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy Cancer‐related mortality · people with resectable cholangiocarcinoma Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adjuvant chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy TIme to recurrence of the tumour · people with resectable cholangiocarcinoma Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adjuvant chemotherapy vs no chemotherapy Non‐serious adverse events · people with resectable cholangiocarcinoma Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adjuvant S‐1 vs gemcitabine All‐cause mortality: 1‐year overall survival · people with resectable cholangiocarcinoma Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.15, 0.96] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Adjuvant S‐1 vs gemcitabine All‐cause mortality: 2‐year overall survival · people with resectable cholangiocarcinoma Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.58, 1.13] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Adjuvant S‐1 vs gemcitabine Serious adverse events · people with resectable cholangiocarcinoma Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable cholangiocarcinoma (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Interventions · people with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Portocaval shunt(No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network… (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.51 [0.06, 2.92] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Variceal band ligation(5 RCTs, 372 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.75 [0.02, 23.24] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Sclerotherapy(1 RCT, 85 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.55 [0, 272.05] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Variceal band ligation(1 RCT, 168 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR No active intervention(2 RCTs, 256 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 0.28 [0.02, 2.91] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Variceal band ligation(7 RCTs, 728 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.6 [0.54, 5.15] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Sclerotherapy(No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.19 [0.02, 80.24] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Beta‐blockers + nitrates(1 RCT, 57 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network… (2021) · Cochrane | OR 3.41 [1.11, 11.28] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR No active intervention(No direct RCT) · people with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Variceal band ligation(4 RCTs, 480 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Beta‐blockers · people with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Sclerotherapy(2 RCTs, 90 participants) · people with liver cirrhosis and oesophageal varices with no history of bleeding Primary prevention of variceal bleeding in people with oesophageal varices due to liver cirrhosis: a network… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |