What do systematic reviews say?

PHASE SPECIFIC TREATMENT (RISPERIDONE + CBT) + SPECIALISED TEAM vs SPECIALISED TEAM

• Early intervention for psychosis 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 59 participants
  Moderate

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

It is very uncertain whether any early psychological intervention changes PTSD diagnosis: post‐treatment compared with waiting list/usual care (very low certainty).

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.06 [0.85, 1.32]
  5 studies · 556 participants
  Very low

Any early psychological intervention vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist)

Any early psychological intervention showed no clear difference in dropouts from treatment compared with waiting list/usual care (low certainty).

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.34 [0.91, 1.95]
  11 studies · 1154 participants
  Low

Any early psychological intervention vs active control

Any early psychological intervention may leads to higher dropouts from treatment compared with active control condition (low certainty).

• Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.61 [1.11, 2.34]
  2 studies · 425 participants
  Low

Anticholinergic medication vs other treatments

It is very uncertain whether anticholinergic medication changes acceptability of the treatment: leaving the study early compared with other treatments (very low certainty).

• Anticholinergic medication for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.02, 7.32]
  1 study · 20 participants
  Very low

Adjunctive lithium + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

It is very uncertain whether adjunctive lithium + antipsychotics changes acceptability of treatment leaving early due to any reason compared with placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics (very low certainty).

• Lithium for schizophrenia 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.89 [0.93, 3.84]
  11 studies · 320 participants
  Very low

Adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

It is very uncertain whether adjunctive carbamazepine + antipsychotics changes acceptability of treatment Leaving the study early due to any reason compared with placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics (very low certainty).

• Carbamazepine for schizophrenia 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.47 [0.16, 1.35]
  8 studies · 182 participants
  Very low

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

It is very uncertain whether ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes leaving the study early due to any reason (overall acceptability of… compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

• Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.36 [0.81, 2.3]
  19 studies · 1185 participants
  Very low

ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics

It is very uncertain whether ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS changes leaving the study early due to adverse effects (overall tolerability… compared with PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS (very low certainty).

• Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.24 [0.68, 15.45]
  6 studies · 415 participants
  Very low

Early ART vs delayed ART initiation

Early ART may leads to higher all‐cause mortality at 6 to 12 months compared with delayed ART initiation (low certainty).

• Early versus delayed antiretroviral treatment in HIV‐positive people with cryptococcal meningitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.42 [1.02, 1.97]
  4 studies · 294 participants
  Low

Early ART vs delayed ART initiation

Early ART showed no clear difference in cryptococcal meningitis relapse compared with delayed ART initiation (low certainty).

• Early versus delayed antiretroviral treatment in HIV‐positive people with cryptococcal meningitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.27 [0.07, 1.04]
  2 studies · 205 participants
  Low

Early ART vs delayed ART initiation

It is very uncertain whether early ART changes cryptococcal IRIS compared with delayed ART initiation (very low certainty).

• Early versus delayed antiretroviral treatment in HIV‐positive people with cryptococcal meningitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.56 [0.51, 25.02]
  2 studies · 205 participants
  Very low

Early ART vs delayed ART initiation

It is very uncertain whether early ART changes HIV virological suppression at 6 months (viral load < 400 copies/mL) compared with delayed ART initiation (very low certainty).

• Early versus delayed antiretroviral treatment in HIV‐positive people with cryptococcal meningitis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.72, 1.22]
  2 studies · 205 participants
  Very low

Early paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

Early paracetamol may leads to lower failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (by… compared with placebo/no intervention (low certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) for patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.35
  2 studies · 127 participants
  Low

Postnatal prophylaxis: LMWH vs no treatment/placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Heparin prophylaxis vs no treatment/placebo

It is very uncertain whether antenatal (± postnatal) prophylaxis: heparin (LMWH or UFH) changes adverse effects sufficient to stop treatment compared with no treatment/placebo (very low certainty).

• Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for women at risk during pregnancy and the early postnatal period 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.49 [0.05, 5.31]
  1 study · 139 participants
  Very low

Dihydrocodeine vs buprenorphine

Dihydrocodeine showed no clear difference in treatment retention Early dropout compared with buprenorphine (low certainty).

• Dihydrocodeine for detoxification and maintenance treatment in individuals with opiate use disorders 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.29 [0.99, 1.68]
  2 studies · 150 participants
  Low

Buspirone vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether ANXIOLYTIC ‐ BUSPIRONE changes acceptability of treatment (measured by participants leaving the… compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

• Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 42 participants
  Very low

FATTY ACID ‐ ETHYL‐EPA vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether FATTY ACID ‐ ETHYL‐EPA changes acceptability of treatment (measured by participants leaving the… compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

• Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0
  1 study · 84 participants
  Very low

Ginkgo biloba vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether HERB ‐ GINKGO BILOBA changes acceptability of treatment (measured by participants leaving the… compared with PLACEBO (very low certainty).

• Miscellaneous treatments for antipsychotic‐induced tardive dyskinesia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.25 [0.03, 2.22]
  1 study · 157 participants
  Very low