Need for antibiotics · children aged up to 16 years with ARTIs
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Need for antibiotics · children aged up to 16 years with ARTIs
Homeopathic medicinal products (individualised treatment) showed no clear difference in need for antibiotics compared with placebo or usual care (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Need for antibiotics · children aged up to 16 years with ARTIs
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Duration of total antibiotic therapy ‐ not reported · people with pneumonia
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of total antibiotic therapy ‐ not reported · people with pneumonia
1 finding from 1 review
Duration of total antibiotic therapy ‐ not reported · people with pneumonia
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Duration of total antibiotic therapy ‐ not reported · people with severe pneumonia and receiving mechanical ventilation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Duration of total antibiotic therapy ‐ not reported · people with pneumonia
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Number of participants who used prescribed antibiotics for acute URTIs · children, adults, and the elderly
Intention‐to‐treat analysis: probiotics probably leads to lower number of participants who used prescribed antibiotics for acute URTIs compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Difference in the use of antibiotics · children up to age 18 years
Probiotic probably leads to lower difference in the use of antibiotics compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Antibiotic prescriptions (number of courses/person/year) **Corticosteroids not meta‐analysed · adults (> 18 years of age) with either COPD or recurrent acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
The intervention may leads to higher antibiotic prescriptions (number of courses/person/year)… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of courses of antibiotics · infants and children
Influenza vaccine probably leads to lower courses of antibiotics compared with control (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Antibiotic administration ‐ not measured · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
1 finding from 1 review
Antibiotic administration · preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age
Xylitol showed no clear difference in antibiotic administration compared with control (moderate certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Antibiotic usage Patient‐reported usage · patients with acute upper respiratory tract infections
It is very uncertain whether normal saline plus standard treatment changes antibiotic usage Patient‐reported usage compared with standard treatment alone (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Proportion of patients with resolution or improved symptoms at days 3 to 7 · patients with acute sinusitis
Oral corticosteroids may leads to higher proportion of patients with resolution or improved symptoms at days… compared with placebo or NSAID (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Proportion of patients with resolution or improved symptoms at days 4 to 14 ‐ Co‐treatment with antibiotics · patients with acute sinusitis
Oral corticosteroids may leads to higher proportion of patients with resolution or improved symptoms at days… compared with placebo or NSAID (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Antibiotic use · patients receiving mechanical ventilation
Per‐protocol analysis: probiotics showed no clear difference in antibiotic use compared with control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Antibiotic use · patients with common cold
The intervention may leads to lower antibiotic use (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of participants with a complication attributed to the index infection · patients with sore throat
1 finding from 1 review