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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation vs conventional ventilation Mortality before cross‐over · preterm infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.45, 0.97] | 1 study · 144 participants | Moderate |
Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation vs conventional ventilation Chronic lung disease at 28 days of birth (CLD 28 days) · preterm infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.54, 1.07] | 1 study · 97 participants | Low |
Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation vs conventional ventilation Pulmonary air leak (new) · preterm infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.46, 1.23] | 1 study · 144 participants | Low |
Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation vs conventional ventilation Severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grades 3 and 4) · preterm infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.42, 1.28] | 1 study · 118 participants | Low |
Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation vs conventional ventilation Chronic lung disease at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (CLD 36 wPMA) · preterm infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation vs conventional ventilation Long‐term neurodevelopmental outcomes · preterm infants with severe pulmonary dysfunction Rescue high‐frequency jet ventilation versus conventional ventilation for severe pulmonary dysfunction in… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) vs general anaesthesia Neurodevelopmental status at 2 years corrected age · Preterm infants requiring surgery for inguinal hernia in early infancy Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) vs general anaesthesia Apnoea/bradycardia occurring 12‐24 hours following completion of operation · Preterm infants requiring surgery for inguinal hernia in early infancy Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.48, 1.06] | 4 studies · 138 participants | Moderate |
Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) vs general anaesthesia Any oxygen desaturation occurring 12‐24 hours following completion of the operation · Preterm infants requiring surgery for inguinal hernia in early infancy Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.61, 1.11] | 2 studies · 48 participants | Moderate |
Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) vs general anaesthesia Use of post‐operative respiratory support · Preterm infants requiring surgery for inguinal hernia in early infancy Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0.01, 1.64] | 3 studies · 98 participants | Low |
Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) vs general anaesthesia Post‐operative apnoea with preoperative sedatives excluded · Preterm infants requiring surgery for inguinal hernia in early infancy Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.34, 0.82] | 4 studies · 129 participants | Moderate |
Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) vs general anaesthesia Anaesthetic agent failure · Preterm infants requiring surgery for inguinal hernia in early infancy Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 7.83 [1.51, 40.58] | 3 studies · 92 participants | Low |
Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) vs general anaesthesia Anaesthetic placement failure · Preterm infants requiring surgery for inguinal hernia in early infancy Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 7.38 [0.98, 55.52] | 3 studies · 90 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mortality during hospitalisation number of infants with event · patients with preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates Intravenous in‐line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.52, 1.47] | 2 studies · 530 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Risk of proven septicaemia per infant number of infants with the event · patients with preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates Intravenous in‐line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.59, 1.27] | 2 studies · 530 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Suspected septicaemia number of infants with the event · patients with preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates Intravenous in‐line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.18, 1.81] | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Localised thrombi number of infants with event · patients with preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates Intravenous in‐line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.05] | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Proven necrotising enterocolitis number of infants with the event · patients with preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates Intravenous in‐line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.05] | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Composite thrombus, proven or unproven sepsis, necrotising enterocolitis number of infants with event · patients with preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates Intravenous in‐line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.19, 0.77] | 1 study · 88 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Localised phlebitis number of infants with the event · patients with preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates Intravenous in‐line filters for preventing morbidity and mortality in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.4, 3.77] | 3 studies · 641 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality · Term or late preterm newborns born in hospitals Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.01, 2.04] | 1 study · 140 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Infections · Term or late preterm newborns born in hospitals Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.16] | 2 studies · 13033 participants | High |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality · Term or late preterm newborns born at home Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.03] | 1 study · 202 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Infections · Term or late preterm newborns born at home Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.49, 0.95] | 1 study · 203 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Omphalitis (infections) · Term or late preterm newborns born in hospitals Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.28, 0.84] | 2 studies · 809 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality · Term or late preterm newborns born in hospitals Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Omphalitis · Term or late preterm newborns born in hospitals Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.56, 1.39] | 2 studies · 642 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality · Term or late preterm newborns born at home Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.71, 0.92] | 3 studies · 31084 participants | High |
Intervention NR Omphalitis · Term or late preterm newborns born at home Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.4, 0.57] | 3 studies · 39925 participants | High |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality · Term or late preterm newborns born at home Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.87, 1.23] | 1 study · 17530 participants | High |
Intervention NR Omphalitis · Term or late preterm newborns born at home Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality · Term or late preterm newborns born in hospitals Chlorhexidine skin or cord care for prevention of mortality and infections in neonates (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.67, 1.42] | 1 study · 4904 participants | Moderate |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation programme (SFNRT) vs no SFNRT Knowledge acquisition (Immediately after SFNRT) · birth attendants Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | RR 5.96 [3.6, 9.87] | 1 study · 166 participants | Very low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme vs basic resuscitation training Late neonatal mortality (mortality at > 7 days up to 28 days of life) · Neonates delivered stratified by healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.2, 1.11] | 1 study · 3274 participants | Low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme vs basic resuscitation training Neonatal mortality at 28 days · Neonates delivered stratified by healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.33, 0.91] | 1 study · 3355 participants | Low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme with team training vs SFNRT Teamwork behaviour ‐ any teamwork behaviour · healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | MD 2.41 [1.72, 3.11] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme with team training vs SFNRT NRP performance scores · healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | MD 1.4 | 1 study · 98 participants | Low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme with team training vs SFNRT Resuscitation duration · healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 130 participants | Low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme with boosters vs SFNRT Knowledge retention ‐ hands on booster on NRP test scores · healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | MD 7 | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme with boosters vs SFNRT Knowledge retention ‐ video booster on NRP test scores · healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | MD 4 | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme with boosters vs SFNRT Knowledge retention ‐ any booster on NRP scores · healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | MD 5.5 | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme with boosters vs SFNRT Skills retention ‐ hands on booster on performance scores · healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | MD 5 | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme with boosters vs SFNRT Skills retention ‐ video booster on performance scores · healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | MD 6 | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation programme (SFNRT) vs no SFNRT Skills Acquisition (Immediately after SFNRT) · birth attendants Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | RR 170.93 [10.78, 2710.85] | 1 study · 166 participants | Very low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme with boosters vs SFNRT Skills retention ‐ any booster on performance scores · healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | MD 5.48 | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation programme (SFNRT) vs no SFNRT Knowledge retention (6 months after SFNRT) · birth attendants Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | RR 3.6 [2.43, 5.35] | 1 study · 166 participants | Very low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation programme (SFNRT) vs no SFNRT Skills retention (6 months after SFNRT) · birth attendants Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 166 participants | Very low |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme vs basic resuscitation training Early neonatal mortality (mortality in the first 7 days of life) · Neonates delivered stratified by healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.78, 1] | 3 studies · 66162 participants | Moderate |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme vs basic resuscitation training Early neonatal mortality ‐ traditional birth attendants · Neonates delivered stratified by healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.65, 0.95] | 3 studies · 27673 participants | Moderate |
Standardised formal neonatal resuscitation training (SFNRT) programme vs basic resuscitation training Early neonatal mortality ‐ nurse/midwife · Neonates delivered stratified by healthcare professionals involved in attending deliveries Standardised formal resuscitation training programmes for reducing mortality and morbidity in newborn infants (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.81, 1.31] | 2 studies · 20250 participants | Moderate |