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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

929 questions · 946 findings · 295 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 150 · 15.9%GRADE not reported 47 · 5%Very low 312 · 33%Low 262 · 27.7%Moderate 138 · 14.6%High 37 · 3.9%

Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance vs close surveillance alone

Recurrent pyelonephritis · pregnant women with a history of one or more UTI before or during pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes recurrent pyelonephritis compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance vs close surveillance alone

Recurrent UTI (cystitis) · pregnant women with a history of one or more UTI before or during pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes recurrent UTI (cystitis) compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance vs close surveillance alone

Preterm birth · pregnant women with a history of one or more UTI before or during pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes preterm birth (< 37 weeks) compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance vs close surveillance alone

Birthweight < 2500 (g) · pregnant women with a history of one or more UTI before or during pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes birthweight < 2500 (g) compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance vs close surveillance alone

Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · pregnant women with a history of one or more UTI before or during pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes five‐minute Apgar score < seven compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nitrofurantoin and close surveillance vs close surveillance alone

Miscarriage · pregnant women with a history of one or more UTI before or during pregnancy

It is very uncertain whether nitrofurantoin and close surveillance changes miscarriages compared with close surveillance alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Patient‐reported functional outcomes (pooled data) · individuals more than 18 years old with distal tibial metaphyseal fractures

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes patient‐reported functional outcomes (pooled data) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Need for a secondary/revision operation or substantive physiotherapy for adverse outcomes (e.g. non‐union, malunion or infection) · individuals more than 18 years old with distal tibial metaphyseal fractures

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes need for a secondary/revision operation or substantive physiotherapy… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Symptomatic non‐union or malunion, including limping 1 year · individuals more than 18 years old with distal tibial metaphyseal fractures

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes symptomatic non‐union or malunion, including limping 1 year (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Pain (0 to 40: no pain) · individuals more than 18 years old with distal tibial metaphyseal fractures

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes pain (0 to 40: no pain) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Wound complications including superficial/deep wound infection and osteomyelitis 1 year · individuals more than 18 years old with distal tibial metaphyseal fractures

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes wound complications including superficial/deep wound infection and… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Fracture union 1 year · individuals more than 18 years old with distal tibial metaphyseal fractures

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes fracture union 1 year (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review