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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways
current versionsNo studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Mortality · patients with COPD Home care by outreach nursing for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.72 [0.45, 1.15] | 5 studies · 711 participants | Low |
Intervention NR SGRQ Total SGRQ (Total) Score. Scale from: 0 to 100. Lower score indicates better quality of life. · patients with COPD Home care by outreach nursing for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 587 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hospitalisation · patients with COPD Home care by outreach nursing for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | OR 1.01 [0.71, 1.44] | 5 studies · 686 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Weight (mixed population) kg · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 512 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR FEV1 % predicted · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 152 participants | Low |
Intervention NR MIP (mixed population) cm H2O · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 245 participants | Low |
Intervention NR MIP ‐ undernourished cm H2O · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 189 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HRQoL (mixed population) CRQ and SGRQ · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 130 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HRQoL ‐ SGRQ ‐ subgrouped by domain ‐ total · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 67 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HRQoL ‐ SGRQ subgrouped by domain ‐ activity · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 67 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HRQoL ‐ SGRQ subgrouped by domain ‐ impact · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 67 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HRQoL ‐ SGRQ subgrouped by domain ‐ symptoms · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 67 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Weight (change from baseline ‐ mixed population) kg · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 511 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Weight (change from baseline ‐ undernourished) kg · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 324 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Weight (undernourished) kg · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 325 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Fat‐free mass/fat‐free mass index (change from baseline; mixed population) kg/m2 · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 287 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fat‐free mass/fat‐free mass index (change from baseline; undernourished participants) kg/m2 · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 125 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fat mass/fat mass index (change from baseline; undernourished participants) kg/m2 · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 91 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Skinfold measures (change from baseline, mixed population) ‐ Triceps skin folds cm · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 125 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Functional exercise capacity (change from baseline; mixed population) ‐ 6‐minute walk test metres · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 140 participants | Low |
Intervention NR MAMC ‐ change from baseline · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 246 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HRQoL ‐ CRQ subgrouped by domain (change from baseline; mixed population) ‐ dyspnoea · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 123 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HRQoL ‐ CRQ subgrouped by domain (change from baseline; mixed population) ‐ fatigue · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 123 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HRQoL ‐ CRQ subgrouped by domain (change from baseline; mixed population) ‐ emotion · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 123 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HRQoL ‐ CRQ subgrouped by domain (change from baseline; mixed population) ‐ mastery · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 123 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fat‐free mass index (mixed population) kg/m2 · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 93 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Fat‐free mass index (undernourished patients) kg/m2 · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 62 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mid‐arm muscle circumference (mixed population) cm · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 246 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Skinfold thickness (mixed measures and mixed population) cm · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 179 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Functional exercise capacity ‐ 6‐minute walk test (mixed population) metres · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 142 participants | Low |
Intervention NR FEV1 litres and % predicted · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 228 participants | Low |
Intervention NR FEV1 litres · stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 76 participants | Low |
ICS vs placebo Hospital admission · people with acute asthma Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.44 [0.31, 0.61] | 12 studies · 959 participants | Low |
ICS vs placebo FEV1 at 1 hour · people with acute asthma Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma (2012) · Cochrane | MD 0.28 | 4 studies · 248 participants | Low |
ICS vs placebo FEV1 at 3 to 4 hours · people with acute asthma Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma (2012) · Cochrane | MD 0.15 | 4 studies · 319 participants | Moderate |
ICS vs placebo Adverse effects ‐ nausea/vomiting · people with acute asthma Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.32 [0.03, 3.18] | 1 study · 94 participants | Low |
ICS vs systemic corticosteroids Hospital admission · people with acute asthma Early use of inhaled corticosteroids in the emergency department treatment of acute asthma (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.56 [0.25, 1.24] | 10 studies · 763 participants | Low |
Any ICS plus oral corticosteroid vs oral corticosteroid Asthma relapse1at 20 to 24 days · predominantly adults with acute asthma following emergency department discharge Inhaled steroids for acute asthma following emergency department discharge (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.68 [0.46, 1.02] | 3 studies · 909 participants | High |
Any ICS plus oral corticosteroid vs oral corticosteroid Hospital admission · predominantly adults with acute asthma following emergency department discharge Inhaled steroids for acute asthma following emergency department discharge (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.99 [0.39, 2.52] | 2 studies · 805 participants | Moderate |
Any ICS plus oral corticosteroid vs oral corticosteroid Hoarseness at 20 to 24 days · predominantly adults with acute asthma following emergency department discharge Inhaled steroids for acute asthma following emergency department discharge (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.6 [0.36, 1.01] | 2 studies · 596 participants | Moderate |
Any ICS vs oral corticosteroid Asthma relapse1at 16 to 21 days · patients with acute asthma following emergency department discharge Inhaled steroids for acute asthma following emergency department discharge (2012) · Cochrane | OR 1.26 [0.8, 1.99] | 2 studies · 425 participants | Moderate |
Any ICS vs oral corticosteroid Hospital admission · patients with acute asthma following emergency department discharge Inhaled steroids for acute asthma following emergency department discharge (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.31 [0.01, 7.95] | 3 studies · 254 participants | Moderate |
Any ICS vs oral corticosteroid Hoarseness at 16 to 21 days · patients with acute asthma following emergency department discharge Inhaled steroids for acute asthma following emergency department discharge (2012) · Cochrane | OR 1.62 [0.52, 5.05] | 1 study · 412 participants | Low |
Aminophylline vs Placebo PEF (L/min) ‐ at 60 min · patients with adults with acute asthma Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta₂‐agonists in adults with acute asthma (2012) · Cochrane | MD 6.24 | 6 studies · 302 participants | Low |
Aminophylline vs Placebo Hospital admissions · patients with adults with acute asthma Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta₂‐agonists in adults with acute asthma (2012) · Cochrane | OR 0.58 [0.3, 1.12] | 6 studies · 315 participants | Moderate |
Aminophylline vs Placebo Tremor · patients with adults with acute asthma Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta₂‐agonists in adults with acute asthma (2012) · Cochrane | OR 2.6 [0.62, 11.02] | 5 studies · 249 participants | Low |
Aminophylline vs Placebo Vomiting · patients with adults with acute asthma Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta₂‐agonists in adults with acute asthma (2012) · Cochrane | OR 4.21 [2.2, 8.07] | 7 studies · 321 participants | Moderate |
Aminophylline vs Placebo Arrhythmia/palpitations · patients with adults with acute asthma Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta₂‐agonists in adults with acute asthma (2012) · Cochrane | OR 3.02 [1.15, 7.9] | 6 studies · 249 participants | Moderate |
Aminophylline vs Placebo Convulsions · patients with adults with acute asthma Addition of intravenous aminophylline to inhaled beta₂‐agonists in adults with acute asthma (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Moderate |
Asthma Clinics (Intervention) vs Controls A&E visits Number of people experiencing one or more A&E visit · patients with asthma Primary care based clinics for asthma (2012) · Cochrane | OR 1.03 [0.21, 5.15] | 2 studies · 344 participants | Very low |