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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
BRIEF FAMILY INTERVENTION vs STANDARD CARE Service utilisation ‐ days in hospital ‐ medium to long term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention (brief) for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BRIEF FAMILY INTERVENTION vs STANDARD CARE Global state ‐ relapse ‐ medium to long term relapse rates (clinical judgement) · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention (brief) for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.1, 2.43] | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
BRIEF FAMILY INTERVENTION vs STANDARD CARE Global state ‐ compliance with medication ‐ medium to long term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention (brief) for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BRIEF FAMILY INTERVENTION vs STANDARD CARE Quality of life/satisfaction with care ‐ for recipients or carers ‐ medium to long term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention (brief) for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BRIEF FAMILY INTERVENTION vs STANDARD CARE Family outcome ‐ understanding schizophrenia, average endpoint score Patient Rejection Scale (PRS ‐ high score = greater acceptance). Scale from: 24 to 168. · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention (brief) for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
BRIEF FAMILY INTERVENTION vs STANDARD CARE Economic outcomes ‐ costs of care ‐ long term ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention (brief) for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
VIRTUAL REALITY AS A SOLE METHOD + STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE vs STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE Compliance Measured using: loss to · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Virtual reality for treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 156 participants | Low |
VIRTUAL REALITY AS A SOLE METHOD + STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE vs STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE Mental state: any outcome · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Virtual reality for treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
VIRTUAL REALITY AS A SOLE METHOD + STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE vs STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE Functioning: 1. Cognitive ‐ average endpoint total Measured using: Cognistat · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Virtual reality for treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Low |
VIRTUAL REALITY AS A SOLE METHOD + STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE vs STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE Functioning: 2. Social ‐ average change in social problem solving Measured using: SPSI‐R · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Virtual reality for treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Low |
VIRTUAL REALITY AS A SOLE METHOD + STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE vs STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE Quality of life: any outcome · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Virtual reality for treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
VIRTUAL REALITY AS A SOLE METHOD + STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE vs STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE Satisfaction with treatment: Average change score ‐ interest in social skills training Measured using: un‐referenced measure · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Virtual reality for treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 64 participants | Low |
VIRTUAL REALITY AS A SOLE METHOD + STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE vs STANDARD PROFESSIONAL CARE Acceptability of intervention Measured using: leaving the study early for any reason · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Virtual reality for treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 92 participants | Low |
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) FOR PROMPTING/SUPPORT + STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Compliance with medication: Would stop taking medication Morisky Green Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ) · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Information and communication technology based prompting for treatment compliance for people with serious… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.96, 1.29] | 1 study · 320 participants | Moderate |
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) FOR PROMPTING/SUPPORT + STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Service utilisation ‐ not reported · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Information and communication technology based prompting for treatment compliance for people with serious… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) FOR PROMPTING/SUPPORT + STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Adverse effects/events · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Information and communication technology based prompting for treatment compliance for people with serious… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) FOR PROMPTING/SUPPORT + STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Mental state: Average change in specific symptom scores: depressive scores degree of change CGI‐SCH‐DC · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Information and communication technology based prompting for treatment compliance for people with serious… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 251 participants | Low |
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) FOR PROMPTING/SUPPORT + STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Acceptability (of intervention): Leaving the studies early – any reason Loss to · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Information and communication technology based prompting for treatment compliance for people with serious… (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.46 [0.7, 3.05] | 2 studies · 347 participants | Low |
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) FOR PROMPTING/SUPPORT + STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Quality of life: Average change Euroquol 5D, visual analogue scale · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Information and communication technology based prompting for treatment compliance for people with serious… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 251 participants | Moderate |
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) FOR PROMPTING/SUPPORT + STANDARD CARE vs STANDARD CARE Costs · patients with treatment compliance for people with serious mental illness Information and communication technology based prompting for treatment compliance for people with serious… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
TRIFLUOPERAZINE vs PLACEBO Global state ‐ clinical improvement ‐ medium term As defined by each study · patients with schizophrenia Trifluoperazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 4.61 [1.54, 13.84] | 3 studies · 417 participants | Low |
TRIFLUOPERAZINE vs PLACEBO Global state ‐ relapse or worsening ‐ medium term Numbers of participants experiencing relapse/worsening · patients with schizophrenia Trifluoperazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.23, 0.49] | 2 studies · 381 participants | Low |
TRIFLUOPERAZINE vs PLACEBO Mental state ‐ any clinically significant response in psychotic symptoms (as defined by each study) ‐ medium term Numbers of participants experiencing 'intensified symptoms' · patients with schizophrenia Trifluoperazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.54, 2.05] | 2 studies · 80 participants | Very low |
TRIFLUOPERAZINE vs PLACEBO Leaving the study early ‐ any reason ‐ medium term Number of participants leaving the studies early · patients with schizophrenia Trifluoperazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.38, 1.19] | 5 studies · 523 participants | Very low |
TRIFLUOPERAZINE vs PLACEBO Severe adverse effects ‐ short term Numbers of participants leaving the studies due to severe adverse effects · patients with schizophrenia Trifluoperazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.22, 7.8] | 2 studies · 67 participants | Very low |
TRIFLUOPERAZINE vs PLACEBO Behaviour ‐ any clinically significant agitation or distress ‐ medium term As defined by each study · patients with schizophrenia Trifluoperazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.19, 20.72] | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
TRIFLUOPERAZINE vs PLACEBO Economic outcomes · patients with schizophrenia Trifluoperazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
User‐held information vs standard information Psychiatric hospital admission: psychiatric admission Numbers admitted · patients with routine care of people with severe mental illness User‐held personalised information for routine care of people with severe mental illness (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.71, 1.38] | 4 studies · 597 participants | Moderate |
User‐held information vs standard information Psychiatric hospital admission: compulsory admission Numbers admitted · patients with routine care of people with severe mental illness User‐held personalised information for routine care of people with severe mental illness (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.37, 1.1] | 3 studies · 507 participants | Moderate |
User‐held information vs standard information Death: causes other than suicide ‐ not reported · patients with routine care of people with severe mental illness User‐held personalised information for routine care of people with severe mental illness (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
User‐held information vs standard information Violence ‐ not reported · patients with routine care of people with severe mental illness User‐held personalised information for routine care of people with severe mental illness (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
User‐held information vs standard information Mental state: psychopathology · patients with routine care of people with severe mental illness User‐held personalised information for routine care of people with severe mental illness (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 3 participants | Ungraded |
User‐held information vs standard information Satisfaction with health care · patients with routine care of people with severe mental illness User‐held personalised information for routine care of people with severe mental illness (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 3 participants | Ungraded |
PIMOZIDE vs PLACEBO Global state: relapse medium term (3‐12 months) Clinical diagnoses · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.03, 1.78] | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
PIMOZIDE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Mental state: presence of first‐rank symptoms medium term (3‐12 months) Clinical diagnoses · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.25, 1.11] | 1 study · 44 participants | Low |
PIMOZIDE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effectsParkinsonism (rigidity) short term (< 3 months) Clinical diagnoses · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.37, 4.17] | 6 studies · 186 participants | Low |
PIMOZIDE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects Parkinsonism (rigidity) medium term (3‐12 months) Clinical diagnoses · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 219 participants | Low |
PIMOZIDE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects Parkinsonism (tremor) medium term (< 3 months) Clinical diagnoses · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.45 [0.68, 3.09] | 4 studies · 175 participants | Low |
PIMOZIDE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Quality of life: no significant change in quality of life/satisfaction medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Global state: relapsemedium term (3‐12 months) Clinical diagnoses · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.15, 0.5] | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Mental state: no improvementmedium term (3‐12 months)not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Mental state: presence of first‐rank symptoms medium term (3‐12 months)not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects Parkinsonismshort term (< 3 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects Parkinsonismmedium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE vs PLACEBO Mental state: no improvement medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Quality of life: average change score medium term (3‐12 months) Specific Level of Functioning, SLOF (high = better, skewed) · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Ungraded |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + PLACEBO Global state: relapse medium term (3‐12 months) · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.37, 1.1] | 4 studies · 507 participants | Ungraded |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + PLACEBO Mental state: no improvement medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + PLACEBO Mental state: presence of first‐rank symptoms medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + PLACEBO Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects Parkinsonism short term (< 3 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |