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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Steroid withdrawal vs steroid maintenance Mortality · kidney transplant recipients Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.36, 1.3] | 10 studies · 1913 participants | Low |
Steroid avoidance vs steroid maintenance CMV Infection · kidney transplant recipients Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.7, 1.31] | 6 studies · 1454 participants | Low |
Steroid withdrawal vs steroid maintenance Graft loss (excluding death) · kidney transplant recipients Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.72, 1.92] | 8 studies · 1817 participants | Low |
Steroid withdrawal vs steroid maintenance Acute rejection · kidney transplant recipients Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.77 [1.2, 2.61] | 10 studies · 1913 participants | Moderate |
Steroid withdrawal vs steroid maintenance NODAT · kidney transplant recipients Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.49, 1.21] | 6 studies · 1439 participants | Low |
Steroid withdrawal vs steroid maintenance CMV infection · kidney transplant recipients Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.8, 1.36] | 5 studies · 1758 participants | Low |
Steroid avoidance vs steroid maintenance Mortality · kidney transplant recipients Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.52, 1.8] | 10 studies · 1462 participants | Low |
Steroid avoidance vs steroid maintenance Graft loss (excluding death) · kidney transplant recipients Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.64, 1.86] | 7 studies · 1211 participants | Low |
Steroid avoidance vs steroid maintenance Acute rejection · kidney transplant recipients Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.58 [1.08, 2.3] | 7 studies · 835 participants | Moderate |
Steroid avoidance vs steroid maintenance NODAT · kidney transplant recipients Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for kidney transplant recipients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.51, 1.1] | 9 studies · 1618 participants | Low |
Dialysis machine separation vs usual care Incidence of HCV infection (9 months) · patients in haemodialysis Isolation as a strategy for controlling the transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.11, 1.07] | 1 study · 446 participants | Very low |
Dialysis machine separation vs usual care Incidence of HCV infection (18 months) · patients in haemodialysis Isolation as a strategy for controlling the transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.05, 1.02] | 1 study · 281 participants | Very low |
Manual acupressure vs routine care Pain1 Not measured · patients with end‐stage kidney disease Acupuncture and related interventions for symptoms of chronic kidney disease (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manual acupressure vs routine care Depression Beck's Depression Inventory Scale from: 0 to 63 · patients with end‐stage kidney disease Acupuncture and related interventions for symptoms of chronic kidney disease (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 128 participants | Very low |
Manual acupressure vs routine care Sleep quality Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index6 Scale from: 0 to 21 · patients with end‐stage kidney disease Acupuncture and related interventions for symptoms of chronic kidney disease (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 180 participants | Very low |
Manual acupressure vs routine care Fatigue Revised Piper Fatigue Scale Scale from: 0 to 10 · patients with end‐stage kidney disease Acupuncture and related interventions for symptoms of chronic kidney disease (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 128 participants | Very low |
Intensive vs less intensive continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) Mortality at day 30 · patients with AKI Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.81, 1.1] | 5 studies · 2402 participants | Low |
Intensive vs less intensive continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) Mortality after 30 days post‐randomisation · patients with AKI Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.8, 1.06] | 5 studies · 2759 participants | Low |
Intensive vs less intensive continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) Patients free of RRT after discontinuing CRRT · patients with AKI Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.91, 1.37] | 5 studies · 2402 participants | Low |
Intensive vs less intensive continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) Patients free of RRT after discontinuing CRRT · patients with AKI Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.94, 1.01] | 3 studies · 988 participants | Moderate |
Intensive vs less intensive continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) Adverse events: hypophosphataemia · patients with AKI Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [1.11, 1.31] | 1 study · 1441 participants | High |
Intensive vs less intensive continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) Mortality: patients with sepsis · patients with AKI who need CRRT Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.69, 1.27] | 5 studies · 966 participants | Low |
Intensive vs less intensive continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) Mortality: patients without sepsis · patients with AKI who need CRRT Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.69, 1.15] | 4 studies · 1216 participants | Low |
Intensive vs less intensive continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) Mortality: patients with AKI related to cardiac or general surgery · patients with AKI who need CRRT Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.61, 0.88] | 2 studies · 531 participants | High |
Intensive vs less intensive continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) Mortality: patients with AKI not related to surgery · patients with AKI who need CRRT Intensity of continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.73, 1.2] | 3 studies · 1871 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Ultrasound · of 1000 children Dimercaptosuccinic acid scan or ultrasound in screening for vesicoureteral reflux among children with… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 2498 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR DMSA · of 1000 children Dimercaptosuccinic acid scan or ultrasound in screening for vesicoureteral reflux among children with… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 2499 participants | Ungraded |
Scheduled surveillance vs clinical monitoring alone Risk of access thrombosis · people receiving haemodialysis to treat kidney failure and using a functioning AV access for haemodialysis. Pre‐emptive correction for haemodialysis arteriovenous access stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.8, 1.12] | 8 studies · 697 participants | Moderate |
Scheduled surveillance vs clinical monitoring alone Rate of angiograms · people receiving haemodialysis to treat kidney failure and using a functioning AV access for haemodialysis. Pre‐emptive correction for haemodialysis arteriovenous access stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.78 [1.18, 2.67] | 5 studies · 539 participants | Low |
Scheduled surveillance vs clinical monitoring alone Risk of access loss · people receiving haemodialysis to treat kidney failure and using a functioning AV access for haemodialysis. Pre‐emptive correction for haemodialysis arteriovenous access stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.71, 1.15] | 6 studies · 662 participants | Moderate |
Scheduled surveillance vs clinical monitoring alone Mortality · people receiving haemodialysis to treat kidney failure and using a functioning AV access for haemodialysis. Pre‐emptive correction for haemodialysis arteriovenous access stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.9, 2.11] | 5 studies · 586 participants | Low |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · men and women with end‐stage kidney disease Haemodiafiltration, haemofiltration and haemodialysis for end‐stage kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.72, 1.05] | 11 studies · 3396 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cardiovascular mortality · men and women with end‐stage kidney disease Haemodiafiltration, haemofiltration and haemodialysis for end‐stage kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.81, 0.92] | 6 studies · 2889 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Nonfatal cardiovascular events · men and women with end‐stage kidney disease Haemodiafiltration, haemofiltration and haemodialysis for end‐stage kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 | 2 studies · 1688 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Health‐related quality of life · men and women with end‐stage kidney disease Haemodiafiltration, haemofiltration and haemodialysis for end‐stage kidney disease (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 988 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mortality · patients with acute kidney injury Bicarbonate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions for acute continuous haemodiafiltration or haemofiltration (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.5, 1.15] | 3 studies · 163 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Serum bicarbonate (mmol/L) · patients with acute kidney injury Bicarbonate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions for acute continuous haemodiafiltration or haemofiltration (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 163 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Serum creatinine (µmol/L) · patients with acute kidney injury Bicarbonate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions for acute continuous haemodiafiltration or haemofiltration (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 137 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Serum lactate (mmol/L) · patients with acute kidney injury Bicarbonate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions for acute continuous haemodiafiltration or haemofiltration (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 171 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Serum base excess · patients with acute kidney injury Bicarbonate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions for acute continuous haemodiafiltration or haemofiltration (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 145 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Serum pH · patients with acute kidney injury Bicarbonate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions for acute continuous haemodiafiltration or haemofiltration (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 171 participants | Low |
Intervention NR pCO2 · patients with acute kidney injury Bicarbonate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions for acute continuous haemodiafiltration or haemofiltration (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 151 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hypotensive events · patients with acute kidney injury Bicarbonate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions for acute continuous haemodiafiltration or haemofiltration (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.26, 0.75] | 1 study · 20 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Cardiovascular complications · patients with acute kidney injury Bicarbonate‐ versus lactate‐buffered solutions for acute continuous haemodiafiltration or haemofiltration (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 | 1 study · 20 participants | Moderate |
Preoperative vessel imaging by ultrasound mapping vs standard preoperative care Fistulas created Assessed by surgeon¹ · HD patients with arteriovenous fistulas Preoperative vascular access evaluation for haemodialysis patients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.94, 1.12] | 4 studies · 433 participants | Very low |
Preoperative vessel imaging by ultrasound mapping vs standard preoperative care Fistulas matured Clinical assessment by experienced HD nurse⁴ · HD patients with arteriovenous fistulas Preoperative vascular access evaluation for haemodialysis patients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.98, 1.25] | 3 studies · 356 participants | Low |
Preoperative vessel imaging by ultrasound mapping vs standard preoperative care Fistulas used for dialysis Clinical assessment by HD nurse · HD patients with arteriovenous fistulas Preoperative vascular access evaluation for haemodialysis patients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.99, 1.28] | 2 studies · 286 participants | Low |
Preoperative vessel imaging by ultrasound mapping vs standard preoperative care Rate of interventions required to maintain patency (per 1000 patient‐days) · HD patients with arteriovenous fistulas Preoperative vascular access evaluation for haemodialysis patients (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs azathioprine (AZA) Death, all cause · patients with kidney transplant recipients Mycophenolic acid versus azathioprine as primary immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.7, 1.29] | 16 studies · 2987 participants | Moderate |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs azathioprine (AZA) Graft loss, censored for death · patients with kidney transplant recipients Mycophenolic acid versus azathioprine as primary immunosuppression for kidney transplant recipients (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.61, 0.98] | 17 studies · 2540 participants | High |