Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,776 questions · 7,311 findings · 959 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 1,498 · 20.5%GRADE not reported 303 · 4.1%Very low 1,839 · 25.2%Low 1,991 · 27.2%Moderate 1,277 · 17.5%High 403 · 5.5%

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Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Mean apnoea events · preterm infants with apnea

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
24 participants
GRADE not reported

Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Adverse events · preterm infants with apnea

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
2
2 participants
GRADE not reported

Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Neurodevelopmental outcomes · preterm infants with apnea

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Death (any cause) · adults with DKD

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in death (any cause) compared with usual or unrestricted protein diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.1, 1.44]
5 studies · 358 participants
Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Kidney failure · adults with DKD

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in kidney failure compared with usual or unrestricted protein diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.16 [0.38, 3.59]
4 studies · 287 participants
Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Change in GFR · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 367 participants
Very low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Change in 24‐hour urinary protein excretion · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 80 participants
Very low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Malnutrition · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 471 participants
GRADE not reported

Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet

Treatment success as defined by the authors · UC patients

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet

Pain frequency or change in pain frequency · UC patients

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 26 participants
Very low

Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet

Pain intensity (0‐10cm visual analogue scale) · UC patients

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 26 participants
Very low

Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet

Withdrawals due to adverse events · UC patients

It is very uncertain whether low FODMAPs diet changes withdrawal due to adverse events compared with sham diet (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.85
1 study · 52 participants
Very low

Lower salt intake vs higher salt intake

Systolic blood pressure · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
19 studies · 1261 participants
High

Lower salt intake vs higher salt intake

Diastolic blood pressure · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
19 studies · 1257 participants
High

Lower salt intake vs higher salt intake

Albuminuria · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 501 participants
High

Lower salt intake vs higher salt intake

Extracellular fluid volume · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 187 participants
Low

Lower salt intake vs higher salt intake

Weight (kg) · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 759 participants
Very low

Lower salt intake vs higher salt intake

Reduction in antihypertensive dose · people with CKD

It is very uncertain whether lower salt intake changes reduction in antihypertensive dose compared with higher salt intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.45 [0.98, 6.08]
7 studies · 664 participants
Very low

Lower salt intake vs higher salt intake

Symptomatic hypotension · people with CKD

Lower salt intake probably leads to higher symptomatic hypotension compared with higher salt intake (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 6.7 [2.4, 18.69]
6 studies · 478 participants
Moderate

Lipid‐lowering agent vs placebo or no treatment

Outcomes (measurement/time point) · asymptomatic carotid stenosis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions for asymptomatic carotid stenosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found