Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,554 questions in 140 reviews · Heart
current versionsNo studies 272 · 17.5%Ungraded 44 · 2.8%Very low 329 · 21.2%Low 464 · 29.9%Moderate 319 · 20.5%High 126 · 8.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in DBP (mmHg) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight‐maintenance phase) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 99 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in HbA1c (%) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight‐maintenance phase) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 160 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight‐maintenance phase) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 145 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Number of participants per group with weight loss of at least 5% at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.94, 1.31] | 2 studies · 137 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Constipation at 3 to < 12 months ‐ not measured · overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight‐maintenance phase) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Cardiovascular mortality ‐ not measured · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in DBP (mmHg) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 1419 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 1494 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Constipation at 3 to < 12 months · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.81, 1.38] | 4 studies · 564 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in body weight (kg) at 3 to < 12 months ‐ not measured · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight maintenance phase) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets vs balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets Change in body weight (kg) at ≥ 12 months · overweight and obese participants without T2DM (weight‐reducing phase followed by weight maintenance phase) Low‐carbohydrate versus balanced‐carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 73 participants | Low |
High vs low blood pressure target Acute kidney injury · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.81, 2.08] | 2 studies · 487 participants | Very low |
High vs low blood pressure target Cognitive deterioration · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.45, 1.5] | 2 studies · 389 participants | Low |
High vs low blood pressure target All‐cause mortality · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.3, 5.9] | 3 studies · 737 participants | Very low |
High vs low blood pressure target Quality of life · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.3, 2.01] | 1 study · 218 participants | Very low |
High vs low blood pressure target Acute ischaemic stroke · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.07, 23.63] | 2 studies · 426 participants | Very low |
High vs low blood pressure target Length of hospital stay · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 540 participants | Very low |
High vs low blood pressure target Perioperative transfusion of blood products · adults undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass High versus low blood pressure targets for cardiac surgery while on cardiopulmonary bypass (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 540 participants | Very low |
PCC vs standard treatment Blood products transfused (RBC) in units · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 151 participants | Moderate |
PCC vs FVIIa Blood products transfused (RBC) % of patients · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.16 [0.02, 1.56] | 1 study · 150 participants | Very low |
PCC vs FVIIa Thrombotic events · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.51 [0.23, 1.16] | 4 studies · 407 participants | Very low |
PCC vs FVIIa Mortality (30‐day) · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | OR 1.07 [0.38, 3.03] | 3 studies · 278 participants | Very low |
PCC vs FVIIa Bleeding (chest drain output) in mLs for the first 12 hours · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 150 participants | Very low |
PCC vs FVIIa Intensive care length of stay in hours · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |
PCC vs FVIIa Incidence of renal impairment · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.29 [0.12, 0.71] | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |
PCC vs FVIIa Adverse events · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PCC vs standard treatment Blood products transfused (RBC) % of patients · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.53 [0.2, 1.4] | 1 study · 101 participants | Low |
PCC vs standard treatment Thrombotic events · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.68 [0.2, 2.31] | 2 studies · 152 participants | Moderate |
PCC vs standard treatment Mortality (30‐day) · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.53 [0.12, 2.35] | 2 studies · 149 participants | Moderate |
PCC vs standard treatment Intensive care length of stay in hours · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 151 participants | Moderate |
PCC vs standard treatment Incidence of renal impairment · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.72 [0.14, 3.59] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
PCC vs standard treatment Bleeding (chest drain output) in mLs for the first 12 hours · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 151 participants | Low |
PCC vs standard treatment Adverse events · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PCC vs FVIIa Blood products transfused (RBC) in units ‐ intraoperative · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding Prothrombin complex concentrate in cardiac surgery for the treatment of coagulopathic bleeding (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 256 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Outcomes ( · health professionals from the USA and participants (“healthy volunteers from the Biobank cohort”) from the UK Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · healthy normal weighted participants recruited through leaflets from Italy Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Non‐fatal MI · healthy normal weighted participants recruited through leaflets from Italy Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Stroke · healthy normal weighted participants recruited through leaflets from Italy Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Peripheral artery disease · healthy normal weighted participants recruited through leaflets from Italy Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Systolic blood pressure (6 months) · healthy normal weighted participants recruited through leaflets from Italy Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Type 2 diabetes · healthy normal weighted participants recruited through leaflets from Italy Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Cardiovascular mortality (11.1 to 26 y) · health professionals from the USA and participants (“healthy volunteers from the Biobank cohort”) from the UK Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | HR 1 [0.95, 1.06] | 203063 participants | Low |
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality (11.1 y) · health professionals from the USA and participants (“healthy volunteers from the Biobank cohort”) from the UK Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | HR 1 [0.99, 1.01] | 159265 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Non‐fatal MI (26 y) · health professionals from the USA and participants (“healthy volunteers from the Biobank cohort”) from the UK Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | HR 0.99 [0.89, 1.1] | 43798 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Stroke · health professionals from the USA and participants (“healthy volunteers from the Biobank cohort”) from the UK Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Peripheral artery disease · health professionals from the USA and participants (“healthy volunteers from the Biobank cohort”) from the UK Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Systolic blood pressure · health professionals from the USA and participants (“healthy volunteers from the Biobank cohort”) from the UK Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Type 2 diabetes (28 y) · health professionals from the USA and participants (“healthy volunteers from the Biobank cohort”) from the UK Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | HR 1.14 [1.07, 1.22] | 71766 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cardiovascular mortality · healthy normal weighted participants recruited through leaflets from Italy Effects of a gluten‐reduced or gluten‐free diet for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Ultrafiltration (UF) vs usual care (UC) All‐cause mortality · people with AHF Ultrafiltration for acute heart failure (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.13, 2.85] | 3 studies · 286 participants | Very low |