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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
767 questions in 53 reviews · Back and Neck
current versionsNo studies 149 · 19.4%Ungraded 41 · 5.3%Very low 168 · 21.9%Low 226 · 29.5%Moderate 156 · 20.3%High 27 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR PAIN INTENSITY · People with non‐specific low back pain presenting to healthcare, occupational, general or mixed populations Prognostic… Individual recovery expectations and prognosis of outcomes in non‐specific low back pain: prognostic factor… (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.15 [1.08, 1.23] | 5 studies · 1510 participants | Low |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs sham TENS Pain (at short‐term · adults (≥ 18 years of age) with chronic neck pain Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs sham TENS Pain (at short‐term · adults (≥ 18 years of age) with chronic neck pain Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.57 [0.84, 2.92] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs sham TENS Disability ‐ not reported · adults (≥ 18 years of age) with chronic neck pain Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) vs sham TENS Adverse events ‐ not reported · adults (≥ 18 years of age) with chronic neck pain Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) for chronic neck pain (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multidiscipinary rehabilitation vs usual care Back pain long‐term Higher scores indicated more intense pain · Subacute low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 336 participants | Moderate |
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs other treatment Adverse events · Subacute low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multidiscipinary rehabilitation vs usual care Functional disability at the long term Higher scores indicated more disability · Subacute low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 240 participants | Low |
Multidiscipinary rehabilitation vs usual care Return‐to‐work at the long term Proportion at work · Subacute low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | OR 3.19 [1.46, 6.98] | 3 studies · 170 participants | Very low |
Multidiscipinary rehabilitation vs usual care Sick leave periods at long‐term Cumulative sickness absence periods over the course of the 12‐month · Subacute low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 210 participants | Low |
Multidiscipinary rehabilitation vs usual care Adverse events · Subacute low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs other treatment Pain at the long term Higher scores indicated more intense pain · Subacute low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 336 participants | Low |
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs other treatment Functional disability at the long term Higher scores indicated more severe functional disability. · Subacute low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 345 participants | Low |
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs other treatment Return‐to‐work at long‐term · Subacute low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs other treatment Sick leave periods at long‐term · Subacute low back pain Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 158 participants | Very low |
Back School vs no treatment Pain: short‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 647 participants | Very low |
Back School vs medical care Pain: long‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 406 participants | Very low |
Back School vs medical care Disability: short‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 130 participants | Very low |
Back School vs medical care Disability: intermediate‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 331 participants | Very low |
Back School vs medical care Disability: long‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 201 participants | Very low |
Back School vs medical care Work status Not reported · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Back School vs passive physiotherapy pain: short‐term · people with low back pain. Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | MD 1.96 | 3 studies · 290 participants | Very low |
Back School vs passive physiotherapy pain ‐ intermediate‐term · people with low back pain. Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 290 participants | Very low |
Back School vs passive physiotherapy pain ‐ long‐term · people with low back pain. Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 291 participants | Very low |
Back School vs passive physiotherapy Disability ‐ short‐term · people with low back pain. Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | MD 2.57 | 2 studies · 180 participants | Very low |
Back School vs passive physiotherapy Disability ‐ intermediate‐term · people with low back pain. Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | MD 6.88 | 2 studies · 180 participants | Very low |
Back School vs no treatment Pain: intermediate‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 257 participants | Very low |
Back School vs passive physiotherapy Disability ‐ long‐term · people with low back pain. Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | MD 9.6 [3.65, 15.54] | 2 studies · 180 participants | Very low |
Back School vs passive physiotherapy Work status Not reported · people with low back pain. Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Back School vs exercise Pain: short‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 416 participants | Very low |
Back School vs exercise Pain: intermediate‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 619 participants | Low |
Back School vs exercise Pain: long‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | MD 4.58 | 3 studies · 461 participants | Low |
Back School vs exercise Disability: short‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 471 participants | Very low |
Back School vs exercise Disability: intermediate‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | MD 1.57 | 6 studies · 766 participants | Very low |
Back School vs exercise Disability: long‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | MD 4.54 | 4 studies · 556 participants | Very low |
Back School vs exercise Work status Not reported · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Back School vs no treatment Pain: long‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 244 participants | Very low |
Back School vs no treatment Disability: short‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 426 participants | Very low |
Back School vs no treatment Disability: intermediate‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 181 participants | Very low |
Back School vs no treatment Disability: long‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 124 participants | Very low |
Back School vs no treatment Work status Not reported · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Back School vs medical care Pain: short‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 249 participants | Very low |
Back School vs medical care Pain: intermediate‐term · people with low back pain Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 545 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Pain intensity (VAS) short term · patients with chronic mechanical neck pain (pain for more than 90 days) Acupuncture for neck disorders (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 560 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Disability (neck and pain disability scale) short term · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days) Acupuncture for neck disorders (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 3451 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Quality of life (SF‐36 mental score) short term · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days) Acupuncture for neck disorders (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 3451 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Disability (NPQ) short term · patients with chronic mechanical neck pain (pain for more than 90 days) Acupuncture for neck disorders (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 290 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Disability (NDI) short term · patients with chronic mechanical neck pain (pain for more than 90 days) Acupuncture for neck disorders (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 173 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Quality of life (SF‐36) short term · patients with chronic mechanical neck pain (pain for more than 90 days) Acupuncture for neck disorders (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 178 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Pain intensity (VAS) short term · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days) Acupuncture for neck disorders (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 404 participants | Moderate |