What do systematic reviews say?

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics showed no clear difference in hearing loss compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.3 [1, 1.7]
  4 studies · 1369 participants
  Low

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics may leads to higher taste disturbance compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 4.95 [1.64, 14.93]
  5 studies · 932 participants
  Low

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

It is very uncertain whether other adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics changes hepatobiliary disorders compared with placebo (very low certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.04 [0.27, 4.09]
  4 studies · 443 participants
  Very low

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics probably leads to higher gastrointestinal disorders not otherwise specified compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.16 [1.56, 3]
  23 studies · 3295 participants
  Moderate

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics may leads to higher abdominal pain compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.66 [1.22, 2.26]
  23 studies · 7776 participants
  Low

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics may leads to higher diarrhoea compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.7 [1.34, 2.16]
  37 studies · 23754 participants
  Low

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics probably leads to higher nausea compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.61 [1.37, 1.9]
  28 studies · 14983 participants
  Moderate

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics vs placebo

Gastrointestinal adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics probably leads to higher vomiting compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Adverse events in people taking macrolide antibiotics versus placebo for any indication 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.27 [1.04, 1.56]
  15 studies · 5328 participants
  Moderate

Point‐of‐care biomarkers (C‐reactive protein) for infection vs usual care

• Biomarkers as point‐of‐care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  12 studies · 10218 participants
  Moderate

Point‐of‐care biomarkers (C‐reactive protein) for infection vs usual care

• Biomarkers as point‐of‐care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 5091 participants
  High

Point‐of‐care biomarkers (procalcitonin) for infection vs usual care

• Biomarkers as point‐of‐care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 317 participants
  Very low

Point‐of‐care biomarkers (procalcitonin) for infection vs usual care

• Biomarkers as point‐of‐care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in people with acute respiratory infections in… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 277 participants
  Very low

Procalcitonin algorithm vs usual care

Procalcitonin algorithm probably leads to lower antibiotic‐related side effects compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

• Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.68 [0.57, 0.82]
  6 studies · 3034 participants
  Moderate

Procalcitonin algorithm vs usual care

• Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  26 studies · 6708 participants
  High

Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) vs usual care

Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) probably leads to lower antibiotics used by patients compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) to reduce the use of antibiotics for acute upper… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.53 [0.35, 0.8]
  1 study · 2201 participants
  Moderate

Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) vs usual care

Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) may leads to lower antibiotics prescribed by clinicians compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) to reduce the use of antibiotics for acute upper… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.47 [0.28, 0.78]
  2 studies · 188131 participants
  Low

Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) plus prescribing feedback to clinicians vs prescribing feedback alone

Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) plus… may leads to higher antibiotics prescribed by clinicians compared with prescribing feedback alone (low certainty).

• Written information for patients (or parents of child patients) to reduce the use of antibiotics for acute upper… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [1.09, 1.17]
  1 study · 15149 participants
  Low

NSAIDs vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

NSAIDs vs paracetamol

It is very uncertain whether NSAIDs changes delayed antibiotic prescriptions compared with paracetamol (very low certainty).

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.32 [0.74, 2.35]
  1 study · 53 participants
  Very low

Paracetamol vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found