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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Stillbirth · women with a previous stillbirth of ≥ 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.58 [0.4, 16.62] | 3 studies · 122 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse perinatal outcome (composite outcome including stillbirth, neonatal death, and major neonatal morbidity) · women with a previous stillbirth of > 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.03, 2.34] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Adverse maternal psychological effects (anxiety, depression or complicated grief) ‐ not measured · women with a previous stillbirth of > 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Perinatal mortality · women with a previous stillbirth of > 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.04, 4.06] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Any preterm birth (birth < 37 weeks) · women with a previous stillbirth of > 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.04, 4.06] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal‐infant attachment ‐ not measured · women with a previous stillbirth of > 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Neonatal death · women with a previous stillbirth of ≥ 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 122 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse perinatal outcome (composite outcome including stillbirth, neonatal death, and major neonatal morbidity) · women with a previous stillbirth of ≥ 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.2, 3.32] | 2 studies · 77 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse maternal psychological effects (anxiety, depression or complicated grief) · women with a previous stillbirth of ≥ 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.07, 14.9] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Perinatal mortality · women with a previous stillbirth of ≥ 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.58 [0.4, 16.62] | 3 studies · 122 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Any preterm birth (birth < 37 weeks) · women with a previous stillbirth of ≥ 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.58, 1.74] | 3 studies · 114 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal‐infant attachment ‐ not measured · women with a previous stillbirth of ≥ 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Stillbirth · women with a previous stillbirth of > 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.06, 12.01] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Neonatal death · women with a previous stillbirth of > 20 weeks' gestation who are pregnant or considering a subsequent pregnancy Care prior to and during subsequent pregnancies following stillbirth for improving outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.01, 6.38] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Discontinued intravenous (IV) oxytocin stimulation vs continued IV oxytocin stimulation Caesarean delivery · pregnant women in latent phase of labour stimulated with oxytocin for with induction of labour. No exclusion criteria… Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.56, 0.86] | 9 studies · 1784 participants | Low |
Discontinued intravenous (IV) oxytocin stimulation vs continued IV oxytocin stimulation Caesarean delivery after active phase has begun, using "reached active phase" as the denominator · pregnant women in latent phase of labour stimulated with oxytocin for with induction of labour. No exclusion criteria… Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.65, 1.29] | 4 studies · 787 participants | Moderate |
Discontinued intravenous (IV) oxytocin stimulation vs continued IV oxytocin stimulation Uterine tachysystole combined with abnormal fetal heart rate · pregnant women in latent phase of labour stimulated with oxytocin for with induction of labour. No exclusion criteria… Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 | 3 studies · 486 participants | Moderate |
Discontinued intravenous (IV) oxytocin stimulation vs continued IV oxytocin stimulation Chorioamnionitis · pregnant women in latent phase of labour stimulated with oxytocin for with induction of labour. No exclusion criteria… Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.32 | 1 study · 252 participants | Very low |
Discontinued intravenous (IV) oxytocin stimulation vs continued IV oxytocin stimulation Use of analgesia and epidural during labour · pregnant women in latent phase of labour stimulated with oxytocin for with induction of labour. No exclusion criteria… Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 | 3 studies · 556 participants | Low |
Discontinued intravenous (IV) oxytocin stimulation vs continued IV oxytocin stimulation Intrapartum cardiotocography (CTG) abnormalities (suspicious/pathological CTGs) · pregnant women in latent phase of labour stimulated with oxytocin for with induction of labour. No exclusion criteria… Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 | 7 studies · 1390 participants | Moderate |
Discontinued intravenous (IV) oxytocin stimulation vs continued IV oxytocin stimulation Apgar score at five minutes below seven · pregnant women in latent phase of labour stimulated with oxytocin for with induction of labour. No exclusion criteria… Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 | 4 studies · 893 participants | Low |
Discontinued intravenous (IV) oxytocin stimulation vs continued IV oxytocin stimulation Acidotic cord gasses (arterial umbilical pH < 7.10) · pregnant women in latent phase of labour stimulated with oxytocin for with induction of labour. No exclusion criteria… Discontinuation of intravenous oxytocin in the active phase of induced labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 | 4 studies · 873 participants | Low |
Planned elective birth (induction or caesarean) vs expectant management Maternal mortality or serious maternal morbidity · pregnant women with gestational diabetes, between 38 ‐ 39 gestational weeks, without other maternal or fetal conditions. Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [0.25, 8.76] | 1 study · 425 participants | Very low |
Planned elective birth (induction or caesarean) vs expectant management Caesarean section · pregnant women with gestational diabetes, between 38 ‐ 39 gestational weeks, without other maternal or fetal conditions. Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.64, 1.77] | 1 study · 425 participants | Very low |
Planned elective birth (induction or caesarean) vs expectant management Instrumental vaginal birth · pregnant women with gestational diabetes, between 38 ‐ 39 gestational weeks, without other maternal or fetal conditions. Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.45, 1.46] | 1 study · 425 participants | Very low |
Planned elective birth (induction or caesarean) vs expectant management Perinatal mortality rate · pregnant women with gestational diabetes, between 38 ‐ 39 gestational weeks, without other maternal or fetal conditions. Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 425 participants | Very low |
Planned elective birth (induction or caesarean) vs expectant management Shoulder dystocia · pregnant women with gestational diabetes, between 38 ‐ 39 gestational weeks, without other maternal or fetal conditions. Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.96 [0.31, 28.21] | 1 study · 425 participants | Very low |
Planned elective birth (induction or caesarean) vs expectant management Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women with gestational diabetes, between 38 ‐ 39 gestational weeks, without other maternal or fetal conditions. Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.28, 1.02] | 1 study · 425 participants | Low |
Planned elective birth (induction or caesarean) vs expectant management Acidaemia ‐ not measured · pregnant women with gestational diabetes, between 38 ‐ 39 gestational weeks, without other maternal or fetal conditions. Planned birth at or near term for improving health outcomes for pregnant women with gestational diabetes and… (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Standard care plus IV tranexamic acid vs placebo or standard care alone Maternal mortality due to bleeding · women with primary postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal or caesarean birth Antifibrinolytic drugs for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.65, 1] | 2 studies · 20172 participants | Moderate |
Standard care plus IV tranexamic acid vs placebo or standard care alone Maternal mortality (all causes) · women with primary postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal or caesarean birth Antifibrinolytic drugs for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.74, 1.05] | 2 studies · 20172 participants | Moderate |
Standard care plus IV tranexamic acid vs placebo or standard care alone Serious maternal morbidity (any) · women with primary postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal or caesarean birth Antifibrinolytic drugs for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.83, 1.19] | 1 study · 20015 participants | High |
Standard care plus IV tranexamic acid vs placebo or standard care alone Blood loss 500 mL or more after randomisation · women with primary postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal or caesarean birth Antifibrinolytic drugs for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.27, 0.93] | 1 study · 151 participants | Low |
Standard care plus IV tranexamic acid vs placebo or standard care alone Blood transfusion (any) · women with primary postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal or caesarean birth Antifibrinolytic drugs for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.97, 1.03] | 2 studies · 20167 participants | Moderate |
Standard care plus IV tranexamic acid vs placebo or standard care alone Surgical intervention to control bleeding: Hysterectomy · women with primary postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal or caesarean birth Antifibrinolytic drugs for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.81, 1.12] | 1 study · 20017 participants | High |
Standard care plus IV tranexamic acid vs placebo or standard care alone Side effects of the intervention: Any maternal vascular occlusive event · women with primary postpartum haemorrhage following vaginal or caesarean birth Antifibrinolytic drugs for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.54, 1.43] | 1 study · 20018 participants | Moderate |
Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated Severe perineal/vaginal trauma · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28… Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.52, 0.94] | 8 studies · 5375 participants | Low |
Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated Blood loss at delivery · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28… Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 336 participants | Very low |
Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated Babies with newborn Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28… Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 501 participants | Moderate |
Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated Perineal infection · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28… Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.45, 1.82] | 3 studies · 1467 participants | Low |
Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated Women with moderate or severe pain (measured by visual analogue scale) · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28… Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.48, 1.05] | 1 study · 165 participants | Very low |
Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated Women with long‐term dyspareunia (≥ 6 months) · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28… Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.84, 1.53] | 3 studies · 1107 participants | Moderate |
Selective vs routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal delivery was not anticipated Women with long‐term urinary incontinence (≥ 6 months) · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28… Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.67, 1.44] | 3 studies · 1107 participants | Low |
X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry Caesarean section · pregnant women at or near term with fetal cephalic presentations Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [1.19, 1.52] | 5 studies · 1159 participants | Low |
X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry Perinatal mortality · pregnant women at or near term with fetal cephalic presentations Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.19, 1.45] | 5 studies · 1159 participants | Very low |
X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry Wound sepsis · pregnant women at or near term with fetal cephalic presentations Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.26, 2.67] | 1 study · 288 participants | Very low |
X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry Blood transfusion · pregnant women at or near term with fetal cephalic presentations Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.39, 2.59] | 1 study · 288 participants | Very low |
X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry Scar dehiscence · pregnant women at or near term with fetal cephalic presentations Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.14, 2.46] | 2 studies · 390 participants | Very low |
X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry Admission to special care baby units · pregnant women at or near term with fetal cephalic presentations Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.13] | 1 study · 288 participants | Very low |
X‐ray pelvimetry vs no X‐ray pelvimetry Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes · pregnant women at or near term with fetal cephalic presentations Pelvimetry for fetal cephalic presentations at or near term for deciding on mode of delivery (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |