Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,760 questions · 8,065 findings · 1,036 reviews

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No studies found 1,686 · 20.9%GRADE not reported 675 · 8.4%Very low 1,953 · 24.2%Low 2,048 · 25.4%Moderate 1,296 · 16.1%High 407 · 5%

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Lower blood pressure targets vs standard blood pressure targets

Other serious adverse events · adult patients with hypertension

Lower BP target may leads to higher other serious adverse events compared with standard BP target (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Blood pressure targets in adults with hypertension 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.44 [1.32, 1.59]
Studies not reported
Low

Low dietary fat vs usual fat

Body fatness (represented by body weight, kg) · Adults (general population)

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
26 studies · 53875 participants
High

Low dietary fat vs usual fat

Body‐mass index (BMI) · Adults (general population)

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
15 studies · 46604 participants
High

Low dietary fat vs usual fat

Waist circumference · Adults (general population)

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 16685 participants
High

Low dietary fat vs usual fat

Body fatness (represented by percentage body fat) · Adults (general population)

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 2415 participants
High

Low dietary fat vs usual fat

Potential harms ‐ serum lipids, mmol/L · Adults (general population)

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
22 studies · 9812 participants
High

Low dietary fat vs usual fat

Blood pressure · Adults (general population)

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 6078 participants
High

Low dietary fat vs usual fat

Potential harms ‐ quality of life (QoL) · Adults (general population)

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of total fat intake on body fatness in adults 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40130 participants
Low

Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Failed CPAP · preterm infants with apnea

It is very uncertain whether infant Flow CPAP changes failed CPAP compared with medijet CPAP (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.62 [0.91, 7.53]
1 study · 80 participants
Very low

Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Mean apnoea events · preterm infants with apnea

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
24 participants
GRADE not reported

Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Adverse events · preterm infants with apnea

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
2
2 participants
GRADE not reported

Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Neurodevelopmental outcomes · preterm infants with apnea

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Death (any cause) · adults with DKD

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in death (any cause) compared with usual or unrestricted protein diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.1, 1.44]
5 studies · 358 participants
Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Kidney failure · adults with DKD

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in kidney failure compared with usual or unrestricted protein diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.16 [0.38, 3.59]
4 studies · 287 participants
Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Change in GFR · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 367 participants
Very low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Change in 24‐hour urinary protein excretion · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 80 participants
Very low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Malnutrition · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 471 participants
GRADE not reported

Lower lip bumper vs No active treatment (control)

Amount of crowding · Children or adolescents (aged 16 years old or under) receiving orthodontic treatment to prevent or correct crowded teeth

It is very uncertain whether lower lip bumper changes amount of crowding (change in mandibular incisor crowding) at 6 months compared with no active treatment (control) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Orthodontic treatment for crowded teeth in children 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
6 months
MD -4.39 [-5.07, -3.71]
1 study · 34 participants
Very low

Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet

Treatment success as defined by the authors · UC patients

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet

Pain frequency or change in pain frequency · UC patients

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 26 participants
Very low