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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia

current versions

No studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs PLACEBO Clinically significant response on psychotic symptoms ‐ as defined by each of the studies. · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs PLACEBO Other adverse effects, general and specific · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs PLACEBO Leaving the study early · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs PLACEBO Average change in quality of life/satisfaction · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs PLACEBO Significant change in quality of life/satisfaction ‐ as defined by each of the studies · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs PLACEBO Clinically significant response on global state · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs PLACEBO Relapse as defined by the studies · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs PLACEBO Clinically significant response on psychotic symptoms ‐ as defined by each of the studies · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs PLACEBO Other adverse effects, general and specific · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs PLACEBO Leaving the study early · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DIHYDROCHLORIDE vs PLACEBO Relapse as defined by the studies · people with with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs PLACEBO Average change in quality of life/satisfaction · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DECANOATE vs PLACEBO Significant change in quality of life/satisfaction ‐ as defined by each of the studies · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DIHYDROCHLORIDE vs PLACEBO Clinically significant response on psychotic symptoms ‐ as defined by each of the studies. · people with with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DIHYDROCHLORIDE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Sedation · people with with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 4.67 [1.23, 17.68]	1 study · 29 participants	Very low
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DIHYDROCHLORIDE vs PLACEBO Leaving the study early · people with with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.06, 13.54]	1 study · 29 participants	Very low
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DIHYDROCHLORIDE vs PLACEBO Average change in quality of life/satisfaction · people with with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL DIHYDROCHLORIDE vs PLACEBO Significant change in quality of life/satisfaction ‐ as defined by each of the studies · people with with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs PLACEBO Clinically significant response on global state · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ACETATE vs PLACEBO Relapse as defined by the studies · people with schizophrenia Zuclopenthixol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
BRIEF CBT vs STANDARD DURATION CBT Global state: Improved to any extent · Patients with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (brief versus standard duration) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
BRIEF CBT vs STANDARD DURATION CBT Leaving the study early · Patients with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (brief versus standard duration) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
BRIEF CBT vs STANDARD DURATION CBT Mental state: Improved to any extent · Patients with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (brief versus standard duration) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
BRIEF CBT vs STANDARD DURATION CBT Service use: Admitted · Patients with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (brief versus standard duration) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
BRIEF CBT vs STANDARD DURATION CBT Quality of life: Improved to any extent · Patients with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (brief versus standard duration) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
BRIEF CBT vs STANDARD DURATION CBT Satisfaction with treatment: Improved to any extent · Patients with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (brief versus standard duration) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
BRIEF CBT vs STANDARD DURATION CBT Economic outcomes · Patients with schizophrenia Cognitive behavioural therapy (brief versus standard duration) for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
ANY FORM OF BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs for ROUTINE CARE/INFORMATION Compliance: 1a. With medication ‐ non‐compliance ‐ short term · people with serious mental illness Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.63 [0.41, 0.96]	3 studies · 448 participants	Moderate
ANY FORM OF BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs CBT Mental state: 2b. Specific ‐ average endpoint PANSS scores (high = poor) ‐ short term ‐ positive score · patients with people with serious mental illness Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 88 participants	Very low
ANY FORM OF BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs CBT Quality of life: 1a. Average endpoint scores on various scales (MSQoL‐54, high = good) ‐ short term · patients with people with serious mental illness Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 63 participants	Very low
ANY FORM OF BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs for ROUTINE CARE/INFORMATION Relapse: 1. Relapse for any reason ‐ medium term · people with serious mental illness Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.7 [0.52, 0.93]	4 studies · 406 participants	Moderate
ANY FORM OF BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs for ROUTINE CARE/INFORMATION Global state: 2. Average endpoint scale score ‐ medium term (GAF/GAS, high = good) · people with serious mental illness Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 101 participants	Very low
ANY FORM OF BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs for ROUTINE CARE/INFORMATION Mental state: 1a. Global ‐ average total endpoint scale scores (BPRS, high = poor) ‐ short term · people with serious mental illness Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 60 participants	Very low
ANY FORM OF BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs for ROUTINE CARE/INFORMATION Social functioning: 1a. Average change scores on various scales ‐ medium term (high = poor) ‐ SDSS · people with serious mental illness Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 118 participants	Low
ANY FORM OF BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs for ROUTINE CARE/INFORMATION Quality of life: 1a. Average endpoint scores (GQOLI‐74, high = good) ‐ short term · people with serious mental illness Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 62 participants	Low
ANY FORM OF BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs for ROUTINE CARE/INFORMATION Adverse event: Death ‐ medium term · people with serious mental illness Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.15, 6.65]	2 studies · 154 participants	Low
ANY FORM OF BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs CBT Compliance: With medication (numeric compliance scale, high = good) ‐ short term · patients with people with serious mental illness Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 88 participants	Very low
ANY FORM OF BRIEF PSYCHOEDUCATION vs CBT Relapse: Relapse for any reason (medium term) · patients with people with serious mental illness Psychoeducation (brief) for people with serious mental illness (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.67 [0.62, 4.48]	1 study · 88 participants	Very low
ASENAPINE vs PLACEBO Global state: No clinically important change CGI‐I · adults with schizophrenia Asenapine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.81 [0.68, 0.97]	1 study · 336 participants	Low
ASENAPINE vs PLACEBO Mental state: No clinically important change PANSS · adults with schizophrenia Asenapine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.72 [0.59, 0.86]	1 study · 336 participants	Very low
ASENAPINE vs PLACEBO Mental state: Average change score in negative symptoms PANSS Marder negative factor score · adults with schizophrenia Asenapine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 336 participants	Very low
ASENAPINE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Incidence of serious adverse effects · adults with schizophrenia Asenapine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.29 [0.14, 0.63]	1 study · 386 participants	Very low
ASENAPINE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Clinically significant extrapyramidal symptoms AIMS · adults with schizophrenia Asenapine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ASENAPINE vs PLACEBO Leaving the study early ‐ any reason · adults with schizophrenia Asenapine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.91 [0.8, 1.04]	5 studies · 1046 participants	Very low
ASENAPINE vs PLACEBO Economic costs · adults with schizophrenia Asenapine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHLORPROMAZINE vs PLACEBO Death · patients with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 14 participants	Very low
CHLORPROMAZINE vs PLACEBO Relapse · patients with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.65 [0.47, 0.9]	3 studies · 512 participants	Very low
CHLORPROMAZINE vs PLACEBO Global state: no overall improvement (psychiatrist ‐ rated) · patients with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.71 [0.58, 0.9]	14 studies · 1164 participants	Very low
CHLORPROMAZINE vs PLACEBO Leaving the study early · patients with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.64 [0.53, 0.78]	27 studies · 1831 participants	Low
CHLORPROMAZINE vs PLACEBO Satisfaction with treatment ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Chlorpromazine versus placebo for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies