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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,297 questions · 3,638 findings · 215 reviews · Oral Health

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No studies found 98 · 2.7%GRADE not reported 2,946 · 81%Very low 263 · 7.2%Low 158 · 4.3%Moderate 137 · 3.8%High 36 · 1%

Higher drinking-water fluoride exposure vs Null / lowest drinking-water fluoride exposure (reference)

Hip Fracture · general population

Overall hip-fracture risk showed little association with drinking-water fluoride and a nearly flat dose-response curve (narrow CI); no numeric RR reported in text; ungraded.

1 finding from 1 review
  • The association of fluoride exposure with bone density and fracture risk: a dose-response meta-analysis. 2025 All outcomes
    Long-term / lifetime fluoride exposure · General population; 37 observational studies (1944-2024), predominantly North America (USA, Canada) and Northern Europe (Finland, Sweden), plus UK, Poland, Italy, Germany, China, Taiwan, South Korea, Ethiopia; exposure mainly community drinking-water fluoride · Overall dose-response (0 to highest exposure)
    Curve indicated little association and was nearly flat, with a comparatively narrow 95% confidence band (no numeric RR reported in text)
    Studies not reported
    GRADE not reported

Fluoride mouthrinse (0.05-0.32% sodium fluoride or amine fluoride) added to daily fluoride toothpaste vs Control: fluoride toothpaste alone, placebo mouthrinse + toothpaste, or non-fluoride (chlorhexidine) mouthrinse + toothpaste

Incidence of proximal (interdental) caries lesions from bitewing radiographs · Orthodontic patients (any age) undergoing orthodontic treatment (mostly fixed appliances)

Only one included study assessed proximal caries incidence from bitewing radiographs; it was not included in the meta-analysis and no pooled estimate is available (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Children with dental caries vs Children without dental caries

Serum ferritin (ng/mL) · Children or adolescents

Serum ferritin tends to be lower in children with dental caries, but the pooled difference is not statistically significant (MD -3.96, 95% CI -8.48 to 0.57; very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hydroxyapatite (e.g., nano-HAp) vs Mesoporous silica (SiO2)

Immediate (24 h) resin-dentin bond strength (MPa) · Artificial caries-affected dentin (ACAD) in extracted permanent human teeth (in vitro)

In the Self-Etch adhesive + chemical ACAD protocol network, HAp vs Silica showed no significant difference in 24 h bond strength (MD -3.756, 95% CI -10.536 to 3.024; Moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Out-of-pocket health expenditure vs Lower vs higher out-of-pocket expenditure categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

Lower out-of-pocket health expenditure was associated with better OHRQoL (83.9, 95% CI 75.2 to 92.6 vs 67.5, 95% CI 58.5 to 76.5); the difference was statistically significant (ungraded).

2 findings from 1 review

Unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) vs Bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP)

Plaque · Patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP)

Plaque index does not differ significantly between unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate (MD -0.13, 95% CI -0.38 to 0.12; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Genetically predicted pulp and periapical diseases vs Without pulp and periapical diseases (lower genetic liability)

Lacunar stroke · European-ancestry adults

Genetically predicted pulp and periapical diseases were associated with modestly higher odds of lacunar stroke (OR 1.20); ungraded MR, FDR-adjusted P 0.033.

1 finding from 1 review