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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Patient‐centred outcomes for oral vs IV iron Type of adverse event: infection · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.9, 1.95] | 4 studies · 954 participants | Low |
Patient‐centred outcomes for oral vs IV iron Numbers of non‐dialysis patients needing to commence dialysis · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.41, 1.61] | 4 studies · 743 participants | Low |
Patient‐centred outcomes for oral vs IV iron Number requiring transfusion · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.55, 1.34] | 5 studies · 774 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number achieving target Hb or increase ≥1 g/dL · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.71 [1.43, 2.04] | 13 studies · 2206 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hb: final or change (g/dL) · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 31 studies · 3373 participants | Low |
Human albumin infusion plus furosemide vs glucose Weight loss rate up to day 10 after treatment · patients of all ages with oedema due to nephrotic syndrome Human albumin infusion for treating oedema in people with nephrotic syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Human albumin infusion plus furosemide vs glucose Others clinical improvement parameters: Serum sodium · patients of all ages with oedema due to nephrotic syndrome Human albumin infusion for treating oedema in people with nephrotic syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Human albumin infusion plus furosemide vs glucose Death · patients of all ages with oedema due to nephrotic syndrome Human albumin infusion for treating oedema in people with nephrotic syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 participants | Ungraded |
Human albumin infusion plus furosemide vs glucose Kidney function · patients of all ages with oedema due to nephrotic syndrome Human albumin infusion for treating oedema in people with nephrotic syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | High |
Human albumin infusion plus furosemide vs glucose Quality of life · patients of all ages with oedema due to nephrotic syndrome Human albumin infusion for treating oedema in people with nephrotic syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Human albumin infusion plus furosemide vs glucose Adverse effects: Systolic blood pressure · patients of all ages with oedema due to nephrotic syndrome Human albumin infusion for treating oedema in people with nephrotic syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) or high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) IDWG · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 352 participants | High |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) Predialysis MAP · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 112 participants | Low |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) Postdialysis MAP · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 112 participants | Low |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) Antihypertensive medication · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 103 participants | Low |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) Predialysis serum [Na+] · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 169 participants | Moderate |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) Intradialytic cramps · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.66 [0.92, 2.98] | 4 studies · 11700 participants | Low |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) IDWG · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 89 participants | Moderate |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) Intradialytic hypotension · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.71 [0.57, 5.07] | 2 studies · 486 participants | Low |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) Predialysis MAP · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 44 participants | Low |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) Postdialysis MAP · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 38 participants | Low |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) Antihypertensive medication · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) or high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) Intradialytic hypotension · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.52 [1.14, 2.02] | 7 studies · 12570 participants | Moderate |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) Predialysis serum [Na+] · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 89 participants | Moderate |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) Intradialytic cramps · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.94 [1.54, 2.44] | 2 studies · 486 participants | Low |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) or high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) Predialysis MAP · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 156 participants | Moderate |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) or high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) Postdialysis MAP · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 150 participants | Moderate |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) or high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) Antihypertensive medication · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 103 participants | Low |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) or high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) Predialysis serum [Na+] · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 258 participants | Moderate |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) or high dialysate [Na+] (> 140 mM) Intradialytic cramps · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.77 [1.15, 2.73] | 6 studies · 12186 participants | Moderate |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) IDWG · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 263 participants | High |
Low dialysate [Na+] (< 138 mM) vs neutral dialysate [Na+] (138 to 140 mM) Intradialytic hypotension · chronic HD Low dialysate sodium levels for chronic haemodialysis (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.49 [1.09, 2.03] | 5 studies · 12084 participants | Moderate |
Hypothermic machine perfusion vs static cold storage DGF · deceased donor kidney transplantation Machine perfusion preservation versus static cold storage for deceased donor kidney transplantation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.67, 0.9] | 14 studies · 2138 participants | High |
Hypothermic machine perfusion vs static cold storage Treated acute rejection in the first year · deceased donor kidney transplantation Machine perfusion preservation versus static cold storage for deceased donor kidney transplantation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.37, 1.17] | 2 studies · 248 participants | Low |
Hypothermic machine perfusion vs static cold storage DGF: DCD group · deceased donor kidney transplantation Machine perfusion preservation versus static cold storage for deceased donor kidney transplantation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.64, 0.87] | 7 studies · 772 participants | High |
Hypothermic machine perfusion vs static cold storage DGF: DBD group · deceased donor kidney transplantation Machine perfusion preservation versus static cold storage for deceased donor kidney transplantation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.65, 0.93] | 4 studies · 971 participants | High |
Hypothermic machine perfusion vs static cold storage DGF: modern era studies · deceased donor kidney transplantation Machine perfusion preservation versus static cold storage for deceased donor kidney transplantation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.66, 0.91] | 5 studies · 1355 participants | High |
Hypothermic machine perfusion vs static cold storage DGF: pre‐2008 studies · deceased donor kidney transplantation Machine perfusion preservation versus static cold storage for deceased donor kidney transplantation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.61, 0.99] | 9 studies · 783 participants | High |
Hypothermic machine perfusion vs static cold storage One year graft survival · deceased donor kidney transplantation Machine perfusion preservation versus static cold storage for deceased donor kidney transplantation (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Hypothermic machine perfusion vs static cold storage PNF · deceased donor kidney transplantation Machine perfusion preservation versus static cold storage for deceased donor kidney transplantation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.58, 1.33] | 7 studies · 1387 participants | High |
Hypothermic machine perfusion vs static cold storage Duration of DGF · deceased donor kidney transplantation Machine perfusion preservation versus static cold storage for deceased donor kidney transplantation (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 220 participants | Very low |
Hypothermic machine perfusion vs static cold storage One year patient survival · deceased donor kidney transplantation Machine perfusion preservation versus static cold storage for deceased donor kidney transplantation (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.95, 1.03] | 3 studies · 920 participants | Low |
EHealth interventions vs standard care Mortality · s eHealth interventions for people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.53, 1.03] | 3 studies · 2906 participants | Very low |
EHealth interventions vs standard care Interdialytic weight gain · s eHealth interventions for people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 335 participants | Low |
EHealth interventions vs standard care Dietary sodium intake · s eHealth interventions for people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 181 participants | Low |
Fixed reduction of dialysate temperature vs standard dialysate temperature Intradialytic hypotension rate · patients requiring haemodialysis Dialysate temperature reduction for intradialytic hypotension for people with chronic kidney disease… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.34, 0.8] | 8 studies · 153 participants | Very low |
Isothermal dialysate vs thermoneutral dialysate Death (all causes) · patients requiring haemodialysis Dialysate temperature reduction for intradialytic hypotension for people with chronic kidney disease… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Isothermal dialysate vs thermoneutral dialysate Acute coronary syndrome · patients requiring haemodialysis Dialysate temperature reduction for intradialytic hypotension for people with chronic kidney disease… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Isothermal dialysate vs thermoneutral dialysate Stroke · patients requiring haemodialysis Dialysate temperature reduction for intradialytic hypotension for people with chronic kidney disease… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fixed reduction of dialysate temperature vs standard dialysate temperature Discomfort rate · patients requiring haemodialysis Dialysate temperature reduction for intradialytic hypotension for people with chronic kidney disease… (2019) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 8.31 [1.86, 37.12] | 4 studies · 81 participants | Very low |