What do systematic reviews say?

Hope-based intervention vs Pain education

Hope-based intervention showed no clear difference in pain intensity compared with pain education; GRADE not reported.

• Psychological therapies for temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) 2022 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Treatment completion
  MD 0.10 [-13.52, 13.72]
  1 study · 29 participants
  GRADE not reported

Anticholinergic burden reduction interventions vs usual care

• Anticholinergic deprescribing interventions for reducing risk of cognitive decline or dementia in older adults with… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 299 participants
  Very low

Anticholinergic burden reduction interventions vs usual care

• Anticholinergic deprescribing interventions for reducing risk of cognitive decline or dementia in older adults with… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Anticholinergic burden reduction interventions vs usual care

• Anticholinergic deprescribing interventions for reducing risk of cognitive decline or dementia in older adults with… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Gamified oral health interventions (mobile apps, serious games, augmented reality, game-based education) vs Non-digital gamified oral health interventions (card/board games, storytelling, printed aids)

Digital gamified interventions appear more effective than non-digital alternatives for long-term behavior change and oral health outcomes, but the evidence is narrative and ungraded.

• The Application of Gamification in Children's Oral Health Management: Systematic Review. 2025 All outcomes

  Long-term follow-up (sustained behavior change) · Schools, dental clinics, and mobile-app user-testing environments
  Digital-based interventions were more effective in fostering long-term behavior change compared with nondigital alternatives and consistently outperformed nondigital alternatives in improving oral health outcomes;…
  Studies not reported
  GRADE not reported

Summary of findings table ‐ Carer interventions vs usual care

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 33 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Carer interventions vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Carer interventions vs usual care

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 33 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Carer interventions vs usual care

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 33 participants
  Low

Summary of findings table ‐ Carer interventions vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Carer interventions vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Carer interventions vs usual care

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep disturbances in people with dementia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 2 participants
  Moderate

Psychological interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings: psychological interventions probably leads to higher adherence to inhaled therapies: % of prescribed inhaled therapies… compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 9.5 [8.6, 10.4]
  1 study · 588 participants
  Moderate

Psychological interventions vs active comparators

• Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 95 participants
  Very low

Psychological interventions vs active comparators

• Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 125 participants
  Very low

Psychological interventions vs active comparators

• Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 128 participants
  Very low

Psychological interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings: psychological interventions showed no clear difference in treatment‐related adverse events Anxiety: GAD‐7 (Spitzer 2006) compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 0.3
  1 study · 535 participants
  Low

Psychological interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings: psychological interventions showed no clear difference in treatment‐related adverse events Depression PHQ‐8 (Kroenke 2009) compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 534 participants
  Low

Psychological interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings: psychological interventions may leads to higher qoL CFQ‐R (Quittner 2009) compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 3.9 [1.2, 6.6]
  1 study · 539 participants
  Low

Psychological interventions vs usual care

Summary of findings: psychological interventions showed no clear difference in lung function FEV1 % predicted compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

• Psychological interventions for improving adherence to inhaled therapies in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 1.4
  1 study · 556 participants
  Moderate