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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

297 questions · 299 findings · 41 reviews · Neonatal

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No studies found 31 · 10.4%GRADE not reported 15 · 5%Very low 52 · 17.4%Low 116 · 38.8%Moderate 76 · 25.4%High 9 · 3%

High vs standard volume of fortified human milk or preterm formula

Extrauterine growth restriction at discharge · preterm or low birth weight infants

High showed no clear difference in extrauterine growth restriction at discharge compared with standard volume of fortified human milk or preterm formula (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High vs standard volume of fortified human milk or preterm formula

Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm or low birth weight infants

It is very uncertain whether high changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with standard volume of fortified human milk or preterm formula (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Mortality, near term corrected age or discharge · preterm infants

Lower showed no clear difference in mortality, near term corrected age or discharge compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Neurodevelopmental disability · preterm infants

Lower showed no clear difference in neurodevelopmental disability compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Intubation in the delivery room · preterm infants

Lower showed no clear difference in intubation in the delivery room compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Severe (defined as stage 3 or greater) retinopathy of prematurity ‐ not reported · preterm infants

Lower showed no clear difference in severe retinopathy of prematurity (≥ stage 3) compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Severe intraventricular haemorrhage · preterm infants

Lower showed no clear difference in severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 3 or 4) compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants

Lower showed no clear difference in necrotising enterocolitis compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower vs higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations during resuscitation of preterm infants at birth

Chronic lung disease · preterm infants

It is very uncertain whether lower changes chronic lung disease (36 weeks' corrected age) compared with higher oxygen concentrations titrated to target oxygen saturations… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or short), or nasal masks) vs face mask

Intubation and mechanical ventilationwithin 24 hours of birth · term and preterm infants resuscitated at birth, using positive pressure ventilation

It is very uncertain whether nasal interfaces (single nasal prong, binasal prongs (long or… changes intubation and mechanical ventilationwithin 24 hours of birth compared with face mask (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Exposure vs no exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds

Late infection during hospitalisation (bacterial or fungal infection confirmed by presence of blood or CSF infection, with initiation of symptoms > 48 hours after birth) · preterm infants

Exposure showed no clear difference in late infection during hospitalisation (bacterial or fungal infection… compared with no exposure to the smell and taste of milk with tube feeds (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review