It is very uncertain whether reduction and pharmacotherapy changes subgroup: nicotine patch; smoking cessation (≥ 6 month compared with reduction alone (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes nicotine patch + bupropion vs nicotine patch + placebo Smoking… compared with placebo (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes cessation: Low‐nicotine cigarettes vs regular cigarettes (very low certainty).
The intervention showed no clear difference in number of smokers receiving nicotine gum/replacement therapy… (low certainty).
Cytisine may leads to higher smoking abstinence at longest compared with nicotine replacement therapy (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether cytisine changes SAEs compared with nicotine replacement therapy (very low certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Varenicline leads to higher smoking abstinence at longest compared with nicotine replacement therapy monotherapy (high certainty).
Varenicline may leads to lower SAEs compared with nicotine replacement therapy monotherapy (low certainty).
Varenicline showed no clear difference in smoking abstinence at longest compared with combination nicotine replacement therapy (low certainty).
Varenicline showed no clear difference in SAEs compared with combination nicotine replacement therapy (low certainty).
Varenicline showed no clear difference in neuropsychiatric SAEs compared with combination nicotine replacement therapy (low certainty).
Varenicline showed no clear difference in cardiac SAEs compared with combination nicotine replacement therapy (low certainty).
Combination leads to higher smoking cessation compared with single‐form nicotine replacement therapy (high certainty).
Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in smoking cessation ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24‐hour patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (moderate certainty).
Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in overall SAEs ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24 hr patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (low certainty).