Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,361 questions · 1,518 findings · 352 reviews

No studies found 73 · 4.8%GRADE not reported 211 · 13.9%Very low 500 · 32.9%Low 411 · 27.1%Moderate 252 · 16.6%High 71 · 4.7%

Higher national income (GNI per capita) vs Lower national income (GNI categories: middle <=$15,000 / high $15,001-25,000 / very high >$25,000)

Odds of higher caries (DMFT) category · 12-year-old children across European countries (national/regional epidemiological surveys, 2011-2022)

Higher national income was strongly associated with lower odds of poor oral health (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.03 to 0.37; about 90% lower odds); not GRADE-rated.

1 finding from 1 review

Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch

Smoking cessation · people who smoke

Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in smoking cessation ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24‐hour patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (moderate certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch

SAEs · people who smoke

Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in overall SAEs ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24 hr patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch

Treatment withdrawals ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) · people who smoke

Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in treatment withdrawals ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Higher‐dose vs lower dose

Intermediate syndrome · patients with acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning

It is very uncertain whether higher dose changes intermediate syndrome compared with lower dose (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review