Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

128 questions · 133 findings · 20 reviews · Neonatal

No studies found 34 · 25.6%GRADE not reported 5 · 3.8%Very low 36 · 27.1%Low 36 · 27.1%Moderate 22 · 16.5%High 0 · 0%

Bubble vs ventilator or Infant Flow Driver nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Treatment failure · preterm infants receiving nasal CPAP

Bubble may leads to lower treatment failure compared with ventilator or Infant Flow Driver nasal continuous positive airway… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bubble vs ventilator or Infant Flow Driver nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Mortality before hospital discharge · preterm infants receiving nasal CPAP

Bubble showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality before hospital discharge compared with ventilator or Infant Flow Driver nasal continuous positive airway… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bubble vs ventilator or Infant Flow Driver nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Pneumothorax · preterm infants receiving nasal CPAP

Bubble showed no clear difference in pneumothorax compared with ventilator or Infant Flow Driver nasal continuous positive airway… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bubble vs ventilator or Infant Flow Driver nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Moderate‐severe nasal injury · preterm infants receiving nasal CPAP

Bubble probably leads to higher moderate‐severe nasal injury compared with ventilator or Infant Flow Driver nasal continuous positive airway… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bubble vs ventilator or Infant Flow Driver nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia · preterm infants receiving nasal CPAP

Bubble showed no clear difference in bronchopulmonary dysplasia compared with ventilator or Infant Flow Driver nasal continuous positive airway… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks PMA · health problem or population

It is very uncertain whether summary of Findings Table ‐ Low changes death or BPD at 36 weeks PMA compared with moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

BPD at 28 days · health problem or population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

BPD (36 weeks' PMA) · health problem or population

It is very uncertain whether summary of Findings Table ‐ Low changes BPD, defined as supplemental oxygen or positive pressure support use… compared with moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

Treatment failure or need for mechanical ventilation · health problem or population

It is very uncertain whether summary of Findings Table ‐ Low changes treatment failure or need for mechanical ventilation compared with moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

Mortality before hospital discharge · health problem or population

It is very uncertain whether summary of Findings Table ‐ Low changes mortality, by hospital discharge compared with moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

Moderate‐severe neurodevelopmental impairment at 18 to 26 months ‐ not measured · health problem or population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease · health problem or population

It is very uncertain whether summary of Findings Table ‐ Low changes BPD, defined as supplemental oxygen or positive pressure support use… compared with moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of Findings Table ‐ Low vs moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels

Combined outcome of mortality or BPD at 36 weeks' PMA · health problem or population

It is very uncertain whether summary of Findings Table ‐ Low changes death or BPD at 36 weeks' PMA compared with moderate‐high nasal continuous positive airway pressure levels (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Use of IPPV before discharge · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

It is very uncertain whether early changes use of IPPV before discharge compared with late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Failure of treatment ‐ death or intermittent positive‐pressure ventilation (IPPV) before hospital discharge · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Pulmonary air leak defined as pneumothorax · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

Early showed no clear difference in air leak (pneumothorax) compared with late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · preterm infants with respiratory distress for initial respiratory support

It is very uncertain whether early changes bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age compared with late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review