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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) at 18 months · preterm infants Nutrient‐enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 310 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants Nutrient‐enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.41, 1.25] | 3 studies · 489 participants | Low |
Oxygen‐guided lung‐recruitment maneuver vs routine care Mortality by hospital discharge · preterm infants < 37 weeks' gestational age requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress… Positive end‐expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.17, 5.77] | 2 studies · 44 participants | Low |
Oxygen‐guided lung‐recruitment maneuver vs routine care Bronchopulmonary dysplasia · preterm infants < 37 weeks' gestational age requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress… Positive end‐expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.03, 2.07] | 2 studies · 44 participants | Low |
Oxygen‐guided lung‐recruitment maneuver vs routine care Duration of invasive ventilatory support · preterm infants < 37 weeks' gestational age requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for respiratory distress… Positive end‐expiratory pressure for preterm infants requiring conventional mechanical ventilation for… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 44 participants | Low |
Iodine supplementation vs control Mortality before hospital discharge Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.72, 1.42] | 2 studies · 1380 participants | High |
Iodine supplementation vs control Bayley‐III Cognitive composite score at 2 years of age corrected for prematurity Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1259 participants | High |
Iodine supplementation vs control Bayley‐III Motor composite score at 2 years of age corrected for prematurity Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1259 participants | High |
Iodine supplementation vs control Bayley‐III Language composite score at 2 years of age corrected for prematurity Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1259 participants | High |
Iodine supplementation vs control Low score in any main Bayley domain (< 85) or death Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.94, 1.17] | 1 study · 1259 participants | High |
Half‐strength formula vs full‐strength formula Episodes of abdominal distention > 2 cm · exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants Dilute versus full‐strength formula in exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 88 participants | Low |
Half‐strength formula vs full‐strength formula Episodes of gastric residuals3> 50% of last feed remaining · exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants Dilute versus full‐strength formula in exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 88 participants | Low |
Half‐strength formula vs full‐strength formula Days until 420 joules per kilogram · exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants Dilute versus full‐strength formula in exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 88 participants | Low |
Half‐strength formula vs full‐strength formula Necrotising enterocolitis · exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants Dilute versus full‐strength formula in exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Half‐strength formula vs full‐strength formula All‐cause mortality prior to hospital discharge · exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants Dilute versus full‐strength formula in exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Half‐strength formula vs full‐strength formula Incidence of invasive infection · exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants Dilute versus full‐strength formula in exclusively formula‐fed preterm or low birth weight infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 1: community‐based antibiotic delivery vs standard care Neonatal mortality · neonates with sepsis Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.68, 0.99] | 5 studies · 125134 participants | Low |
Comparison 1: antibiotic alone or antibiotic with other newborn care interventions vs standard care Neonatal mortality ‐ antibiotics alone · neonates with sepsis Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.89, 1.29] | 1 study · 18747 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 1: antibiotic alone or antibiotic with other newborn care interventions vs standard care Neonatal mortality ‐ antibiotics with other newborn care interventions · neonates with sepsis Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.62, 0.94] | 4 studies · 106387 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 2: any simplified antibiotic regimen vs the standard antibiotic regimen (7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin) Neonatal mortality · neonates with possible serious bacterial infection Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.44, 1.5] | 3 studies · 3476 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 2: any simplified antibiotic regimen vs the standard antibiotic regimen (7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin) Treatment failure · neonates with possible serious bacterial infection Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.67, 1.1] | 3 studies · 3476 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 2: any simplified antibiotic regimen vs the standard antibiotic regimen (7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin) Adverse events · neonates with possible serious bacterial infection Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.79, 2.41] | 3 studies · 3476 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin + injectable gentamicin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Neonatal mortality · possible serious bacterial infections in neonates Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.47, 1.51] | 3 studies · 2001 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin + injectable gentamicin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Early neonatal mortality · possible serious bacterial infections in neonates Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin + injectable gentamicin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Late neonatal mortality · possible serious bacterial infections in neonates Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin + injectable gentamicin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Sepsis‐specific neonatal mortality · possible serious bacterial infections in neonates Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin + injectable gentamicin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Treatment failure · possible serious bacterial infections in neonates Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.6, 1.11] | 3 studies · 2001 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 1: community‐based antibiotic delivery vs standard care Early neonatal mortality · neonates with sepsis Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.65, 0.85] | 2 studies · 40299 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin + injectable gentamicin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Adverse events · possible serious bacterial infections in neonates Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [0.72, 2.53] | 3 studies · 2001 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 2: 2 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin followed by 5 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Neonatal mortality · neonates with possible serious bacterial infections Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.29, 2.65] | 3 studies · 2036 participants | Low |
Comparison 2: 2 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin followed by 5 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Early neonatal mortality · neonates with possible serious bacterial infections Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 2: 2 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin followed by 5 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Late neonatal mortality · neonates with possible serious bacterial infections Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 2: 2 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin followed by 5 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Sepsis‐specific neonatal mortality · neonates with possible serious bacterial infections Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 2: 2 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin followed by 5 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Treatment failure · neonates with possible serious bacterial infections Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.7, 1.25] | 3 studies · 2036 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 2: 2 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin followed by 5 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Adverse events · neonates with possible serious bacterial infections Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.39 [0.67, 2.87] | 3 studies · 2036 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 2: 2 days oral amoxicillin + injectable gentamicin followed by 5 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Neonatal mortality · neonates with possible serious bacterial infection Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.24, 1.85] | 1 study · 893 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 2: 2 days oral amoxicillin + injectable gentamicin followed by 5 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Early neonatal mortality · neonates with possible serious bacterial infection Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 2: 2 days oral amoxicillin + injectable gentamicin followed by 5 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Late neonatal mortality · neonates with possible serious bacterial infection Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 1: community‐based antibiotic delivery vs standard care Late neonatal mortality · neonates with sepsis Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.55, 0.96] | 2 studies · 40142 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 2: 2 days oral amoxicillin + injectable gentamicin followed by 5 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Sepsis‐specific neonatal mortality · neonates with possible serious bacterial infection Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 2: 2 days oral amoxicillin + injectable gentamicin followed by 5 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Treatment failure · neonates with possible serious bacterial infection Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.24, 1.85] | 1 study · 893 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 2: 2 days oral amoxicillin + injectable gentamicin followed by 5 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Adverse events · neonates with possible serious bacterial infection Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 893 participants | High |
Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Neonatal mortality · neonates with fast breathing alone Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.2, 4.91] | 1 study · 1406 participants | Low |
Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Early neonatal mortality · neonates with fast breathing alone Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Late neonatal mortality · neonates with fast breathing alone Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Sepsis‐specific neonatal mortality · neonates with fast breathing alone Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Treatment failure · neonates with fast breathing alone Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.68, 1.01] | 1 study · 1406 participants | Low |
Comparison 2: 7 days oral amoxicillin vs 7 days injectable benzylpenicillin + injectable gentamicin Adverse events · neonates with fast breathing alone Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1406 participants | Moderate |
Comparison 1: community‐based antibiotic delivery vs standard care Sepsis‐specific mortality · neonates with sepsis Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.6, 1] | 2 studies · 40233 participants | Low |
Comparison 1: referral or full course of antibiotics vs standard care Neonatal mortality ‐ first dose and referral · neonates with sepsis Community‐based antibiotic delivery for possible serious bacterial infections in neonates in low‐ and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.38, 0.83] | 1 study · 3355 participants | Low |