Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,760 questions · 8,065 findings · 1,036 reviews

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No studies found 1,686 · 20.9%GRADE not reported 675 · 8.4%Very low 1,953 · 24.2%Low 2,048 · 25.4%Moderate 1,296 · 16.1%High 407 · 5%

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Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Failed CPAP · preterm infants with apnea

It is very uncertain whether infant Flow CPAP changes failed CPAP compared with medijet CPAP (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.62 [0.91, 7.53]
1 study · 80 participants
Very low

Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Mean apnoea events · preterm infants with apnea

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
24 participants
GRADE not reported

Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Adverse events · preterm infants with apnea

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
2
2 participants
GRADE not reported

Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Neurodevelopmental outcomes · preterm infants with apnea

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Death (any cause) · adults with DKD

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in death (any cause) compared with usual or unrestricted protein diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.1, 1.44]
5 studies · 358 participants
Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Kidney failure · adults with DKD

Low protein diet showed no clear difference in kidney failure compared with usual or unrestricted protein diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.16 [0.38, 3.59]
4 studies · 287 participants
Low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Change in GFR · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 367 participants
Very low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Change in 24‐hour urinary protein excretion · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 80 participants
Very low

Low protein diet vs normal protein diet

Malnutrition · adults with DKD

1 finding from 1 review

Protein restriction for diabetic kidney disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 471 participants
GRADE not reported

Lower lip bumper vs No active treatment (control)

Amount of crowding · Children or adolescents (aged 16 years old or under) receiving orthodontic treatment to prevent or correct crowded teeth

It is very uncertain whether lower lip bumper changes amount of crowding (change in mandibular incisor crowding) at 6 months compared with no active treatment (control) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Orthodontic treatment for crowded teeth in children 2021 · Cochrane All outcomes
6 months
MD -4.39 [-5.07, -3.71]
1 study · 34 participants
Very low

Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet

Treatment success as defined by the authors · UC patients

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet

Pain frequency or change in pain frequency · UC patients

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 26 participants
Very low

Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet

Pain intensity (0‐10cm visual analogue scale) · UC patients

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 26 participants
Very low

Low FODMAP diet vs sham diet

Withdrawals due to adverse events · UC patients

It is very uncertain whether low FODMAPs diet changes withdrawal due to adverse events compared with sham diet (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for the management of abdominal pain in ulcerative colitis 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.85
1 study · 52 participants
Very low

Lower salt intake vs higher salt intake

Systolic blood pressure · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
19 studies · 1261 participants
High

Lower salt intake vs higher salt intake

Diastolic blood pressure · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
19 studies · 1257 participants
High

Lower salt intake vs higher salt intake

Albuminuria · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 501 participants
High

Lower salt intake vs higher salt intake

Extracellular fluid volume · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 187 participants
Low

Lower salt intake vs higher salt intake

Weight (kg) · people with CKD

1 finding from 1 review

Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 759 participants
Very low

Lower salt intake vs higher salt intake

Reduction in antihypertensive dose · people with CKD

It is very uncertain whether lower salt intake changes reduction in antihypertensive dose compared with higher salt intake (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Altered dietary salt intake for people with chronic kidney disease 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.45 [0.98, 6.08]
7 studies · 664 participants
Very low