What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

• Ventriculo‐peritoneal shunting devices for hydrocephalus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 174 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Ventriculo‐peritoneal shunting devices for hydrocephalus 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 90 participants
  Very low

Transverse groin incision vs vertical groin incision

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Transverse versus vertical groin incision for femoral artery approach 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Strategies to increase use of antenatal corticosteroids vs usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Strategies for optimising antenatal corticosteroid administration for women with anticipated preterm birth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Inositol supplementation to preterm infants (repeat doses in any amount and any duration of treatment) vs control

Inositol supplementation to preterm infants (repeat doses in any… showed no clear difference in sepsis (early or late onset) compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.21 [0.95, 1.54]
  4 studies · 1067 participants
  Moderate

Antidepressants plus benzodiazepines vs antidepressants alone

• Antidepressants plus benzodiazepines for adults with major depression 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 598 participants
  Moderate

Antidepressants plus benzodiazepines vs antidepressants alone

• Antidepressants plus benzodiazepines for adults with major depression 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 129 participants
  Very low

INTEGRATED MODELS OF CARE vs usual care

Integrated models of care showed no clear difference in leaving the study early: Lost to treatment compared with standard care (low certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.82, 1.45]
  3 studies · 603 participants
  Low

CBT vs usual care

Cognitive behavioural therapy showed no clear difference in leaving the study early: Lost to treatment compared with standard care (low certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.44, 2.86]
  2 studies · 152 participants
  Low

CONTINGENCY MANAGEMENT vs usual care

Contingency management probably leads to higher leaving the study early: Lost to treatment compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.55 [1.13, 2.11]
  2 studies · 255 participants
  Moderate

SKILLS TRAINING vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether skills training changes leaving the study early: Lost to treatment compared with standard care (very low certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.42 [0.2, 10.1]
  3 studies · 122 participants
  Very low

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY + MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING vs usual care

Cognitive behavioural therapy + motivational interviewing showed no clear difference in leaving the study early: Lost to treatment compared with standard care (low certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.99 [0.62, 1.59]
  1 study · 327 participants
  Low

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOUR THERAPY and PSYCHOSOCIAL REHABILITATION vs usual care

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 61 participants
  Very low

Cognitive behavioural therapy + intensive case management vs usual care

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 59 participants
  Very low

Non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment only/Intensive case management/Specialised case management services vs usual care

It is very uncertain whether non‐integrated models of care ‐ Assertive community treatment… changes leaving the study early: Lost to treatment compared with standard care (very low certainty).

• Psychosocial interventions for people with both severe mental illness and substance misuse 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.21 [0.73, 1.99]
  3 studies · 134 participants
  Very low

Mid‐dose mifepristone (25 mg‐50 mg) vs levonorgestrel 1.5 mg

Mid‐dose mifepristone (25 mg‐50 mg) showed no clear difference in menses ‐ early compared with levonorgestrel 1.5 mg (low certainty).

• Interventions for emergency contraception 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.72 [0.5, 1.03]
  7 studies · 1324 participants
  Low

Low‐dose mifepristone (< 25 mg) vs levonorgestrel 1.5 mg

Low‐dose mifepristone (< 25 mg) may leads to lower menses ‐ early compared with levonorgestrel 1.5 mg (low certainty).

• Interventions for emergency contraception 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.45 [0.35, 0.59]
  5 studies · 1800 participants
  Low

Ulipristal acetate (all doses) vs levonorgestrel

Ulipristal acetate (all doses) probably leads to lower menses ‐ early compared with levonorgestrel (moderate certainty).

• Interventions for emergency contraception 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.43 [0.37, 0.5]
  2 studies · 3593 participants
  Moderate

Single‐dose levonorgestrel vs split‐dose levonorgestrel

Single‐dose levonorgestrel leads to lower menses ‐ early compared with split‐dose levonorgestrel (high certainty).

• Interventions for emergency contraception 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.67 [0.54, 0.82]
  1 study · 1118 participants
  High

Mid‐dose mifepristone (25 mg‐50 mg) vs low‐dose mifepristone (< 25 mg)

Mid‐dose mifepristone (25 mg‐50 mg) showed no clear difference in menses ‐ early compared with low‐dose mifepristone (< 25 mg) (low certainty).

• Interventions for emergency contraception 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.09 [0.87, 1.36]
  7 studies · 2136 participants
  Low