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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Every word you type has to appear somewhere in the question, and the closest matches are ranked first.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Targeted or adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Growth velocity, length, mm/d, end of intervention (length velocity) · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 262 participants | Low |
Adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Growth velocity, weight, g/kg/d, end of intervention · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 96 participants | Moderate |
Adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Growth velocity, length, mm/d, end of intervention · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 96 participants | Moderate |
Adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Growth velocity, head circumference, mm/d, end of intervention · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 96 participants | High |
Adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Mortality · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification NEC stage ≥ 2 · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Culture‐proven late‐onset sepsis · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Retinopathy of prematurity · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Bronchopulmonary dysplasia · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted individualized fortification vs adjustable individualized fortification Growth velocity, weight, g/kg/d ‐ end of intervention · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 72 participants | Moderate |
Targeted individualized fortification vs adjustable individualized fortification Growth velocity, length, mm/d ‐ end of intervention · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 72 participants | Low |
Targeted or adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Growth velocity, head circumference, mm/d, end of intervention · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 242 participants | Low |
Targeted individualized fortification vs adjustable individualized fortification Mortality · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted individualized fortification vs adjustable individualized fortification NEC ≥ stage 2 · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted individualized fortification vs adjustable individualized fortification Culture‐proven late‐onset sepsis · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted individualized fortification vs adjustable individualized fortification Retinopathy of prematurity · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted individualized fortification vs adjustable individualized fortification Bronchopulmonary dysplasia · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted or adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Necrotizing enterocolitis · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted or adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Culture‐proven late‐onset sepsis · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted or adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Mortality · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Targeted or adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Bronchopulmonary dysplasia · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.71, 1.12] | 4 studies · 391 participants | Very low |
Targeted or adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Retinopathy of prematurity, any · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.36, 1.72] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Targeted or adjustable individualized fortification vs standard non‐individualized fortification Osteopenia · promoting growth and development in very low birth weight infants receiving human milk Individualized versus standard diet fortification for growth and development in preterm infants receiving… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.4, 1.84] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Early full enteral feeding vs delayed or progressive feeding In hospital rate of weight gain (g/kg/day) until term equivalent · preterm or low birth weight infants Early full enteral feeding for preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 236 participants | Very low |
Early full enteral feeding vs delayed or progressive feeding In hospital rate of head circumference growth (cm/week) until term equivalent – not reported · preterm or low birth weight infants Early full enteral feeding for preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early full enteral feeding vs delayed or progressive feeding Growth restriction (z‐score of weight) at hospital discharge · preterm or low birth weight infants Early full enteral feeding for preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Low |
Early full enteral feeding vs delayed or progressive feeding Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm or low birth weight infants Early full enteral feeding for preterm or low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.38, 2.54] | 6 studies · 522 participants | Very low |
Inositol supplementation to preterm infants (repeat doses in any amount and any duration of treatment) vs control Infant death (age < 1 year) · preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.71, 1.13] | 5 studies · 1115 participants | Low |
Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo BPD or death by it prior to 37 weeks' PMA (outcomes collected through first event: death, hospital discharge, hospital transfer, or 120 days after birth) · preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.87, 1.16] | 2 studies · 616 participants | High |
Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo Severe IVH (grade 3 or 4) · preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.65, 1.29] | 2 studies · 690 participants | Moderate |
Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo Late‐onset sepsis (> 72 hours of age) · preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [1, 1.75] | 2 studies · 701 participants | High |
Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo Suspected or proven NEC · preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.55, 1.41] | 2 studies · 701 participants | High |
Inositol supplementation to preterm infants (repeat doses in any amount and any duration of treatment) vs control Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (at 36 to 38 weeks' PMA) · preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.9, 1.2] | 2 studies · 737 participants | Moderate |
Inositol supplementation to preterm infants (repeat doses in any amount and any duration of treatment) vs control ROP, stage ≥ 3 or ≥ 2 · preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.75, 1.06] | 3 studies · 810 participants | Moderate |
Inositol supplementation to preterm infants (repeat doses in any amount and any duration of treatment) vs control Sepsis (early or late onset) · preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.95, 1.54] | 4 studies · 1067 participants | Moderate |
Inositol supplementation to preterm infants (repeat doses in any amount and any duration of treatment) vs control Necrotizing enterocolitis (suspected or proven) · preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.64, 1.39] | 5 studies · 1115 participants | Moderate |
Inositol supplementation to preterm infants (repeat doses in any amount and any duration of treatment) vs control Intraventricular haemorrhage, grade > 2 · preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.58, 1.01] | 5 studies · 1103 participants | Moderate |
Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo Type 1 ROP or death before determination of ROP outcome using the adjudicated ROP outcome · preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.99, 1.67] | 2 studies · 679 participants | Moderate |
Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo Type 1 ROP including adjudicated ROP outcome · preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.82, 1.86] | 2 studies · 605 participants | Moderate |
Inositol supplementation IV initially followed by enteral administration (repeat doses of 80 mg/kg/day) in preterm infants born at less than 30 weeks' PMA vs placebo All‐cause mortality (outcome collected through first event: death, hospital discharge, hospital transfer, or 120 days after birth) · preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [0.91, 2] | 2 studies · 701 participants | Moderate |
Formula vs donor breast milk Weight gain (g/kg/day) · preterm or low birth weight infants Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1028 participants | Moderate |
Formula vs donor breast milk Linear growth (crown‐heel length mm/week) · preterm or low birth weight infants Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 820 participants | Moderate |
Formula vs donor breast milk Head growth (mm/week) · preterm or low birth weight infants Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 894 participants | Moderate |
Formula vs donor breast milk Neurodevelopmental disability · preterm or low birth weight infants Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.62, 2.35] | 2 studies · 400 participants | Moderate |
Formula vs donor breast milk All‐cause mortality · preterm or low birth weight infants Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.8, 1.5] | 7 studies · 1527 participants | Moderate |
Formula vs donor breast milk Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm or low birth weight infants Formula versus donor breast milk for feeding preterm or low birth weight infants (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.87 [1.23, 2.85] | 9 studies · 1675 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Weight gain (g/kg/d) · preterm infants Nutrient‐enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 440 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Length gain (mm/week) · preterm infants Nutrient‐enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 386 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Head circumference gain (mm/week) · preterm infants Nutrient‐enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 399 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mental Development Index (MDI) at 18 months · preterm infants Nutrient‐enriched formula versus standard formula for preterm infants (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 310 participants | Moderate |