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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
FNB (any type) vs local infiltration analgesia Neurological injury: not reported · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FNB (any type) vs local infiltration analgesia Opioid consumption at 24 hours using morphine equivalents Scale from zero to 150 mg · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Moderate |
FNB (any type) vs local infiltration analgesia Nausea and/or vomiting · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.71 [0.64, 4.62] | 3 studies · 177 participants | Moderate |
FNB (any type) vs PCA opioid Pain on movement at 24 hours Visual analogue scale Scale from zero to 10 · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 studies · 1017 participants | Moderate |
FNB (any type) vs local infiltration analgesia Participant satisfaction with analgesia Scale from zero to 10 · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Continuous FNB vs single‐shot FNB Pain at rest at 24 hours Visual analogue scale Scale from zero to 10 · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 272 participants | Moderate |
Continuous FNB vs single‐shot FNB Pain on movement at 24 hours Visual analogue scale Scale from zero to 10 · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 272 participants | High |
Continuous FNB vs single‐shot FNB Neurological injury: not reported · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Continuous FNB vs single‐shot FNB Opioid consumption at 24 hours using morphine equivalents Scale from 0 to 150 mg · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 236 participants | Moderate |
Continuous FNB vs single‐shot FNB Nausea and/or vomiting · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.2, 1.56] | 2 studies · 214 participants | Moderate |
Continuous FNB vs single‐shot FNB Participant satisfaction with analgesia: not reported · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FNB (any type) vs PCA opioid Neurological injury · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 390 participants | Ungraded |
FNB (any type) vs PCA opioid Opioid consumption at 24 hours using morphine equivalents Scale from zero to 150 mg · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 studies · 1156 participants | High |
FNB (any type) vs PCA opioid Nausea and/or vomiting · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.33, 0.68] | 16 studies · 1100 participants | High |
FNB (any type) vs PCA opioid Knee flexion range of motion (degree) · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 596 participants | Moderate |
FNB (any type) vs PCA opioid Participant satisfaction with analgesia (point) Scale from zero to 10 · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 180 participants | Low |
FNB (any type) vs epidural analgesia Pain at rest at 24 hours Visual analogue scale Scale from zero to 10 · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 328 participants | Moderate |
FNB (any type) vs epidural analgesia Pain on movement at 24 hours Visual analogue scale Scale from zero to 10 · patients with knee replacement surgery Femoral nerve blocks for acute postoperative pain after knee replacement surgery (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 317 participants | High |
Intervention NR Pain reduction (mean VAS) Pain assessed before analgesia (0 min) and at 5, 10, 20 and 30 min after analgesia · children (aged < 18 years) with acute severe pain Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | High |
Intervention NR Respiratory depression · children (aged < 18 years) with acute severe pain Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Hypotension · children (aged < 18 years) with acute severe pain Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Decreased level of consciousness · children (aged < 18 years) with acute severe pain Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Intolerance to analgesia · children (aged < 18 years) with acute severe pain Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | High |
Intervention NR Use of ED "rescue" analgesia · children (aged < 18 years) with acute severe pain Intranasal fentanyl for the management of acute pain in children (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 67 participants | Moderate |
Mannitol vs hypertonic saline Inadequate brain relaxation 3‐ or 4‐point scalesa · patients with brain relaxation undergoing craniotomy Mannitol versus hypertonic saline for brain relaxation in patients undergoing craniotomy (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.44, 0.83] | 3 studies · 387 participants | Low |
Intubation with FIS vs videolaryngoscope Change of intubation method · obese patients requiring general anaesthesia Tracheal intubation with a flexible intubation scope versus other intubation techniques for obese patients… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 131 participants | Ungraded |
Intubation with FIS vs videolaryngoscope Patients with episodes of desaturation · obese patients requiring general anaesthesia Tracheal intubation with a flexible intubation scope versus other intubation techniques for obese patients… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 121 participants | Ungraded |
Intubation with FIS vs videolaryngoscope Bleeding during/after intubation · obese patients requiring general anaesthesia Tracheal intubation with a flexible intubation scope versus other intubation techniques for obese patients… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 131 participants | Ungraded |
Intubation with FIS vs videolaryngoscope Sore throat · obese patients requiring general anaesthesia Tracheal intubation with a flexible intubation scope versus other intubation techniques for obese patients… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 85 participants | Ungraded |
Intubation with FIS vs videolaryngoscope Successful first intubation · obese patients requiring general anaesthesia Tracheal intubation with a flexible intubation scope versus other intubation techniques for obese patients… (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 131 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Mortality in patients with pre‐existing renal impairment As reported in the included trials Folliow‐up: 7 days · patients with pre‐existing renal impairment Interventions for protecting renal function in the perioperative period (2013) · Cochrane | OR 0.74 [0.36, 1.52] | 10 studies · 959 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Acute renal injury in patients with pre‐existing renal impairment As reported in the included trials · patients with pre‐existing renal impairment Interventions for protecting renal function in the perioperative period (2013) · Cochrane | OR 0.4 [0.22, 0.76] | 11 studies · 979 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Reported mortality, low risk of bias studies only · patients undergoing surgery Interventions for protecting renal function in the perioperative period (2013) · Cochrane | OR 1.01 [0.52, 1.97] | 19 studies · 1604 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Acute renal injury, low‐risk studies only · patients undergoing surgery Interventions for protecting renal function in the perioperative period (2013) · Cochrane | OR 1.05 [0.55, 2.03] | 16 studies · 1550 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Perioperative bleeding requiring surgical intervention · patients with paediatric tonsillectomy Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and perioperative bleeding in paediatric tonsillectomy (2013) · Cochrane | OR 1.69 [0.71, 4.01] | 14 studies · 1044 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Perioperative bleeding requiring non‐surgical intervention · patients with paediatric tonsillectomy Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and perioperative bleeding in paediatric tonsillectomy (2013) · Cochrane | OR 0.99 [0.41, 2.4] | 10 studies · 745 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Vomiting · patients with paediatric tonsillectomy Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and perioperative bleeding in paediatric tonsillectomy (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.61, 0.85] | 13 studies · 1021 participants | High |
Intervention NR Arrhythmias ‐ by drug type in all patients · Adult patients 18 years and above undergoing elective surgery Pharmacological agents for preventing morbidity associated with the haemodynamic response to tracheal… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 57 studies · 2902 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Arrhythmias ‐ high risk patients · Adult patients 18 years and above undergoing elective surgery Pharmacological agents for preventing morbidity associated with the haemodynamic response to tracheal… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 337 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Myocardial Ischaemia ‐ by drug type in all patients · Adult patients 18 years and above undergoing elective surgery Pharmacological agents for preventing morbidity associated with the haemodynamic response to tracheal… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 30 studies · 1636 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Myocardial Ischaemia ‐ high risk patients · Adult patients 18 years and above undergoing elective surgery Pharmacological agents for preventing morbidity associated with the haemodynamic response to tracheal… (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 395 participants | Moderate |
Paracervical vs placebo Pain dilating cervix · patients with cervical dilatation and uterine intervention Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine intervention (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 381 participants | High |
Paracervical vs no anaesthesia Postoperative pain at different times ‐ 5 minutes after the procedure · patients with cervical dilatation and uterine intervention Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine intervention (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Ungraded |
Paracervical vs no anaesthesia Postoperative pain at different times ‐ 10 minutes after the procedure · patients with cervical dilatation and uterine intervention Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine intervention (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Ungraded |
Paracervical block vs other regional anaesthesia Pain during the procedure · patients with cervical dilatation and uterine intervention Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine intervention (2013) · Cochrane | OR 1.41 [0.68, 2.91] | 1 study · 120 participants | Moderate |
Paracervical block vs other regional anaesthesia Pain during cervical dilatation · patients with cervical dilatation and uterine intervention Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine intervention (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 163 participants | Low |
Paracervical block vs other regional anaesthesia Pain during uterine intervention: continuous · patients with cervical dilatation and uterine intervention Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine intervention (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 271 participants | Very low |
Paracervical block vs other regional anaesthesia Postoperative pain at different time: continuous · patients with cervical dilatation and uterine intervention Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine intervention (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 307 participants | High |
Paracervical block vs other regional anaesthesia Adverse effects · patients with cervical dilatation and uterine intervention Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine intervention (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 55 participants | Low |
Paracervical vs systemic analgesia Pain during uterine intervention · patients with cervical dilatation and uterine intervention Paracervical local anaesthesia for cervical dilatation and uterine intervention (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 402 participants | Low |