Bacterial adhesion or initial colonization · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
No meta-analysis was conducted; three included studies reported reduced adhesion or initial colonization with cranberry extract or fractions.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
3 studies
GRADE not reported
Bacterial adhesion (inhibition) · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
Cranberry extract inhibits S. mutans adhesion / initial colonization in vitro (3 studies; ungraded).
1 finding from 1 review
Bacterial adhesion · Streptococcus mutans (in vitro cultures and biofilms)
No meta-analysis was conducted; two included studies reported reduced Streptococcus mutans adhesion with grape seed extract or fractions.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
2 studies
GRADE not reported
Impaired OHRQoL measured with CPQ 11-14 (quantitative synthesis / meta-analysis) · Adolescents (10-19 years)
Malocclusion (DAI) probably increases the prevalence of impaired OHRQoL (CPQ 11-14) by about 15% in adolescents (RR/PR 1.15, 95% CI 1.12-1.18; moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Salivary flow rate · Elderly (>60 years) and medically compromised adults with xerostomia / dry mouth
Across 19 studies the effect of gum chewing on stimulated and/or unstimulated salivary flow rate was mixed (9 positive, 10 no effect); this broad outcome was not meta-analyzed.
1 finding from 1 review
The effect of gum chewing on xerostomia and salivary flow rate in elderly and medically compromised subjects: a… 2023 All outcomesVarious (single session to 12 months) · Haemodialysis units, elderly / geriatric care, cancer and palliative care, and xerostomia / hyposalivation clinics (studies from multiple countries)
Narrative vote-count: of 19 studies measuring stimulated and/or unstimulated saliva flow rate, 9 found a positive effect of gum chewing [17,18,22,24,27,35,36,38,39] and 10 detected no effect…
19 studies
GRADE not reported
Survival of retainers (failure/how many failed) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment
It is very uncertain whether hawley removable retainer changes survival of retainers (failure, upper and lower arches) compared with clear plastic removable retainer (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Patient satisfaction: comfort (VAS, upper and lower arches) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g. dysuria, neck pain, eye discomfort) (secondary outcome) · people with depression after stroke
It is very uncertain whether pharmacological intervention and non‐invasive brain stimulation… changes adverse events: all ‐ other events ‐ not listed above (e.g.… compared with a pharmacological intervention and sham stimulation or usual care… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Smoking cessation · people who smoke
Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in smoking cessation ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24‐hour patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (moderate certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
RR 1.09 [0.93, 1.29]
5 studies · 1655 participants
Moderate
RR 1.19 [1, 1.41]
3 studies · 3446 participants
Moderate
RR 1.48 [1.06, 2.08]
1 study · 537 participants
Moderate
SAEs · people who smoke
Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in overall SAEs ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24 hr patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (low certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Treatment withdrawal · people who smoke
Higher‐dose may leads to higher treatment withdrawals ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24‐hour patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Treatment withdrawals ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) · people who smoke
Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in treatment withdrawals ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Prosthesis use · people with transtibial amputation due to peripheral arterial disease or diabetes
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
1 study · 8 participants
GRADE not reported
Prosthesis use · people with transtibial amputation due to peripheral arterial disease or diabetes
1 finding from 1 review
Poor oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) · Adolescents (10-19 years)
Malocclusions probably have a negative effect on OHRQoL in adolescents, after adjustment for confounders (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Impaired OHRQoL, qualitative synthesis: relative effect not estimable across the 13 studies (13,864 participants); moderate quality of evidence (GRADE).
13 studies · 13864 participants
Moderate
Paraesthesia · people with focal seizures
High showed no clear difference in paraesthesias compared with low stimulation (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Activities of daily living · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures
1 finding from 1 review
Health‐related quality of life: time to deterioration in composite endpoint (cough, dyspnoea, and chest pain) · advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐rearranged non‐small cell lung cancer
It is very uncertain whether next‐generation ALK inhibitor changes health‐related quality of life: time to deterioration in composite… compared with crizotinib (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Health‐related quality of life: time to deterioration in composite endpoint (cough, dyspnoea, and chest pain) · advanced anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐rearranged non‐small cell lung cancer
ALK inhibitor leads to lower health‐related quality of life: time to deterioration in composite… compared with any cytotoxic chemotherapy (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Bleeding (chest drain output) in mLs for the first 12 hours · cardiac surgery for the treatment of non‐surgical bleeding
1 finding from 1 review