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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Fat supplementation vs control Duration of hospital admission (days) · preterm infants Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fat supplementation vs control Feeding intolerance · preterm infants Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.1, 64.3] | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Fat supplementation vs control Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Weight gain (g/kg/d) · preterm infants Multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 951 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Length gain (cm/week) · preterm infants Multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 741 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Head growth (cm/week) · preterm infants Multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 821 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mental development index (MDI) at 18 months · preterm infants Multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 245 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Psychomotor development index (PDI) at 18 months · preterm infants Multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 245 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants Multi‐nutrient fortification of human milk for preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.37 [0.72, 2.63] | 13 studies · 1110 participants | Low |
Protein supplementation vs control Growth: weight (weight gain g/kg/day) · preterm infants Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 101 participants | Low |
Protein supplementation vs control Growth: length (cm/week) · preterm infants Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 68 participants | Low |
Protein supplementation vs control Growth: head circumference (cm/week) · preterm infants Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 68 participants | Low |
Protein supplementation vs control Neurodevelopmental outcomes · preterm infants Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Protein supplementation vs control Duration of hospital stay (days) · preterm infants Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Protein supplementation vs control Feeding intolerance · preterm infants Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.7 [0.13, 58.24] | 1 study · 17 participants | Very low |
Protein supplementation vs control Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants Protein supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.07, 18.49] | 1 study · 76 participants | Very low |
CPAP vs supplemental oxygen Treatment failure (death or use of additional ventilatory support) · respiratory distress in preterm infants Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.5, 0.82] | 5 studies · 322 participants | Very low |
CPAP vs supplemental oxygen Use of assisted ventilation · respiratory distress in preterm infants Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.54, 0.96] | 3 studies · 233 participants | Very low |
CPAP vs supplemental oxygen Mortality · respiratory distress in preterm infants Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.34, 0.83] | 5 studies · 322 participants | Moderate |
CPAP vs supplemental oxygen Pneumothorax occurring after allocation · respiratory distress in preterm infants Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.91 [1.38, 6.13] | 4 studies · 270 participants | Low |
CPAP vs supplemental oxygen Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (oxygen dependency at 28 days) · respiratory distress in preterm infants Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.35, 3.13] | 2 studies · 209 participants | Very low |
Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Use of IPPV before discharge · preterm infants with respiratory distress Early versus delayed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.43, 1.38] | 4 studies · 119 participants | Very low |
Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Mortality (time not specified) · preterm infants with respiratory distress Early versus delayed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Failure of treatment ‐ death or intermittent positive‐pressure ventilation (IPPV) before hospital discharge · preterm infants with respiratory distress Early versus delayed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Air leak (pneumothorax) · preterm infants with respiratory distress Early versus delayed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.39, 3.04] | 3 studies · 98 participants | Low |
Early vs late continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) Bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age · preterm infants with respiratory distress Early versus delayed continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for respiratory distress in preterm infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [0.1, 20.49] | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Failure to close a patent ductus arteriosus (after 3 doses) · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.44, 0.86] | 2 studies · 206 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Need for surgical closure of the PDA · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.5, 1.74] | 4 studies · 174 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Necrotising enterocolitis (any stage) · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.23, 0.73] | 7 studies · 249 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Serum/plasma creatinine levels (µmol/L) · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 190 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Failure to close a patent ductus arteriosus (after single or 3 doses) · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.26, 0.56] | 5 studies · 406 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Need for surgical closure of the ductus · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.41, 1.21] | 5 studies · 406 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Duration of ventilatory support · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | MD 0.54 | 2 studies · 134 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Serum/plasma creatinine levels (μmol/L) after treatment Normal values for male and female newborns 17.7 to 88.4 µmol/L · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | MD 22.47 | 2 studies · 170 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Oliguria (Urine output < 1 mL/kg/hour) · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.01, 2.66] | 4 studies · 304 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Failure to close a patent ductus arteriosus after 3 doses of ibuprofen · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.22, 0.61] | 3 studies · 190 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.4, 2.5] | 2 studies · 130 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Necrotising enterocolitis · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.84 [0.87, 3.9] | 2 studies · 264 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Oliguria · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.57 [0.44, 5.63] | 2 studies · 120 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Failure to close a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (after single or 3 doses) · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.92, 1.24] | 24 studies · 1590 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Need for surgical closure of the PDA · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.81, 1.39] | 16 studies · 1275 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Duration of ventilator support (days) · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 471 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Necrotising enterocolitis (any stage) · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.49, 0.94] | 18 studies · 1292 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Oliguria (urine output < 1 mL/kg/hour) · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.14, 0.54] | 6 studies · 576 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Serum/plasma creatinine levels (μmol/L) · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 918 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Failure to close a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (after 3 doses) · preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus Ibuprofen for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm or low birth weight (or both) infants (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.73, 1.27] | 8 studies · 272 participants | Low |
High protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) Weight gain (g/kg/d) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 114 participants | Low |
Very high protein vs low protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) Necrotizing enterocolitis · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) Weight gain (g/d) to discharge · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Moderate |
Very high protein vs high protein intake (restricted to studies meeting all a priori inclusion criteria) Linear growth (cm/week) · formula‐fed low birth weight infants Higher versus lower protein intake in formula‐fed low birth weight infants (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Moderate |