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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Vapocoolant vs placebo/no treatment Pain at application · pain treatment during intravenous cannulation Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 461 participants | Moderate |
Vapocoolant vs placebo/no treatment First attempt success · pain treatment during intravenous cannulation Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.94, 1.06] | 6 studies · 812 participants | Moderate |
Vapocoolant vs placebo/no treatment Adverse events · pain treatment during intravenous cannulation Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 551 participants | Low |
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine vs placebo Pain at 60 minutes · people being treated for postoperative pain Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 442 participants | Very low |
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine vs placebo Pain at 12 hours · people being treated for postoperative pain Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 175 participants | Very low |
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine vs placebo Pain at 24 hours · people being treated for postoperative pain Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 562 participants | Low |
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine vs placebo Hourly morphine equivalents at 60 minutes · people being treated for postoperative pain Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 168 participants | Low |
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine vs placebo Hourly morphine equivalents at 24 hours · people being treated for postoperative pain Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 168 participants | Low |
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine vs placebo Sedation score · people being treated for postoperative pain Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 148 participants | Very low |
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine vs placebo Nausea · people being treated for postoperative pain Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [1.03, 1.5] | 7 studies · 592 participants | Moderate |
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine vs placebo Vomiting · people being treated for postoperative pain Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain (2016) · Cochrane | RD 0.03 | 7 studies · 602 participants | Low |
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine vs placebo Time to hospital discharge · people being treated for postoperative pain Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain (2016) · Cochrane | MD 1.2 | 1 study · 90 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Risk of hypothermia ‐ not reported · adults undergoing surgery. Intravenous nutrients for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Mean core temperature, 60 minutes · adults undergoing surgery. Intravenous nutrients for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 363 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mean core temperature, 120 minutes · adults undergoing surgery. Intravenous nutrients for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 347 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mean core temperature at the end of surgery · adults undergoing surgery. Intravenous nutrients for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 249 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Shivering · adults undergoing surgery. Intravenous nutrients for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.13, 1] | 3 studies · 155 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Major cardiovascular event ‐ not reported · adults undergoing surgery. Intravenous nutrients for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Entropy vs Standard Time to awakening minutes1 · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia Spectral entropy monitoring for adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 383 participants | Moderate |
Entropy vs Standard Decrease in mortality with the use of the entropy monitor at 24 hours, 30 days and one year Assessng mortality at 24 hours, 30 days and one year · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia Spectral entropy monitoring for adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 3 participants | Ungraded |
Entropy vs Standard Postoperative recall of intraoperative events Validated questionnaire/ not validated interview4 · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia Spectral entropy monitoring for adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 797 participants | Moderate |
Entropy vs Standard Anaesthetic agent (Intravenous used) mcg/kg/min7 · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia Spectral entropy monitoring for adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 166 participants | Low |
Entropy vs Standard Anaesthetic agent (Inhalational used) ml10 · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia Spectral entropy monitoring for adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 156 participants | Moderate |
Entropy vs Standard Cost of general anaesthesia GBP or USD · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia Spectral entropy monitoring for adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 12 participants | Ungraded |
Entropy vs Standard Time to readiness to leave PACU minutes13 · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia Spectral entropy monitoring for adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 170 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Amount of 'rescue' opioid (intravenous morphine equivalents, mg) · adults having abdominal surgery Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 259 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Postoperative pain (VAS 0 to 100 mm, visual analogue scale from 0 = no pain to 100 = worst imaginable pain) · adults having abdominal surgery Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 259 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Postoperative sedation 12 hours after surgery (units of RSS, Ramsay Sedation Scale from 1 = Anxious or agitated or restless to 6 = Unresponsive) (MD, 95% CI) · adults having abdominal surgery Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) (RR, 95% CI) · adults having abdominal surgery Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 217 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Time to first passage of flatus (hours, MD, 95% CI) · adults having abdominal surgery Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Time to first passage of stool (hours, MD, 95% CI) · adults having abdominal surgery Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Time to first out‐of‐bed mobilization (hours, MD, 95% CI) · adults having abdominal surgery Perioperative dexmedetomidine for acute pain after abdominal surgery in adults (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 77 participants | Low |
Propofol vs sevoflurane Emergence from anaesthesia, minutes · patients with rapid emergence from anaesthesia after undergoing brain tumour surgery Intravenous versus inhalational techniques for rapid emergence from anaesthesia in patients undergoing brain… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 384 participants | Low |
Propofol vs sevoflurane Adverse event ‐ haemodynamic changes, number of events · patients with rapid emergence from anaesthesia after undergoing brain tumour surgery Intravenous versus inhalational techniques for rapid emergence from anaesthesia in patients undergoing brain… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.85 [1.07, 3.17] | 2 studies · 282 participants | Low |
Propofol vs sevoflurane Adverse event ‐ nausea and vomiting, number of events · patients with rapid emergence from anaesthesia after undergoing brain tumour surgery Intravenous versus inhalational techniques for rapid emergence from anaesthesia in patients undergoing brain… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.51, 0.91] | 6 studies · 952 participants | Low |
Propofol vs sevoflurane Adverse event ‐ shivering, number of events · patients with rapid emergence from anaesthesia after undergoing brain tumour surgery Intravenous versus inhalational techniques for rapid emergence from anaesthesia in patients undergoing brain… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.88, 1.99] | 5 studies · 902 participants | Low |
Propofol vs sevoflurane Adverse event ‐ pain, visual analogue scale · patients with rapid emergence from anaesthesia after undergoing brain tumour surgery Intravenous versus inhalational techniques for rapid emergence from anaesthesia in patients undergoing brain… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.71, 1.14] | 5 studies · 908 participants | Low |
Propofol vs sevoflurane Brain relaxation, scales or grades · patients with rapid emergence from anaesthesia after undergoing brain tumour surgery Intravenous versus inhalational techniques for rapid emergence from anaesthesia in patients undergoing brain… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.67, 1.17] | 5 studies · 867 participants | Low |
Nitroglycerin vs no treatment All‐cause mortality in 30 days post operation · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.87] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Nitroglycerin vs placebo Cardiac ischaemia indicated by ECG · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 56 participants | Ungraded |
Nitroglycerin vs placebo Side effect (hypotension) · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.46 [0.56, 3.83] | 6 studies · 296 participants | Very low |
Nitroglycerin vs placebo Side effect (headache) · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.55 [0.75, 3.2] | 10 studies · 607 participants | Very low |
Nitroglycerin vs no treatment Acute myocardial infarction · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.03, 2.2] | 2 studies · 105 participants | Very low |
Nitroglycerin vs no treatment Angina pectoris · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.12, 1.57] | 2 studies · 105 participants | Very low |
Nitroglycerin vs no treatment Cardiac ischaemia indicated by ECG · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.42, 1.26] | 4 studies · 197 participants | Very low |
Nitroglycerin vs no treatment Side effect (hypotension) · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Nitroglycerin vs no treatment Side effect (headache) · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 3.67 [0.14, 96.14] | 2 studies · 6629 participants | Very low |
Nitroglycerin vs placebo All‐cause mortality in 30 days post operation · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.81 [0.12, 63.83] | 2 studies · 89 participants | Very low |
Nitroglycerin vs placebo Acute myocardial infarction · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 4.69 [0.24, 89.88] | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Nitroglycerin vs placebo Angina pectoris · patients (15 years of age and older) undergoing non‐cardiac surgery under any type of anaesthesia Nitrates for the prevention of cardiac morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing non‐cardiac surgery (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |