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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Hyperbaric bupivacaine vs Isobaric bupivacaine Conversion to GA4 · women with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.09, 1.17] | 10 studies · 614 participants | Very low |
Hyperbaric bupivacaine vs Isobaric bupivacaine Supplemental analgesia5 · women with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.26, 1.41] | 9 studies · 554 participants | Very low |
Hyperbaric bupivacaine vs Isobaric bupivacaine Requirement for ephedrine6 · women with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.57, 1.38] | 4 studies · 256 participants | Very low |
Hyperbaric bupivacaine vs Isobaric bupivacaine Nausea and vomiting7 · women with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.57, 1.72] | 7 studies · 433 participants | Low |
Hyperbaric bupivacaine vs Isobaric bupivacaine Headache8 Participant‐reported · women with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.82 [0.47, 6.99] | 3 studies · 234 participants | Low |
Hyperbaric bupivacaine vs Isobaric bupivacaine Time to dermatomal block T4 block (mins) · women with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 128 participants | Moderate |
Hyperbaric bupivacaine vs Isobaric bupivacaine Amount of ephedrine used(mg/person) · women with spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 386 participants | Moderate |
Hypertonic salt vs isotonic salt solution Mortality · any people undergoing surgery with fluid resuscitation Hypertonic salt solution for peri‐operative fluid management (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 1087 participants | Very low |
Hypertonic salt vs isotonic salt solution Serious adverse events · any people undergoing surgery with fluid resuscitation Hypertonic salt solution for peri‐operative fluid management (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 1087 participants | Very low |
Hypertonic salt vs isotonic salt solution Fluid balance (L) · any people undergoing surgery with fluid resuscitation Hypertonic salt solution for peri‐operative fluid management (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 737 participants | Low |
Hypertonic salt vs isotonic salt solution Total volume of crystalloid administered (L) · any people undergoing surgery with fluid resuscitation Hypertonic salt solution for peri‐operative fluid management (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 871 participants | Moderate |
Hypertonic salt vs isotonic salt solution Peak serum sodium · any people undergoing surgery with fluid resuscitation Hypertonic salt solution for peri‐operative fluid management (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 780 participants | Moderate |
Hypertonic salt vs isotonic salt solution Final serum sodium · any people undergoing surgery with fluid resuscitation Hypertonic salt solution for peri‐operative fluid management (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 640 participants | Moderate |
Hypertonic salt vs isotonic salt solution Maximum intraoperative cardiac index · any people undergoing surgery with fluid resuscitation Hypertonic salt solution for peri‐operative fluid management (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 418 participants | High |
Intervention NR Apgar scores at 1 minute · low‐risk term pregnant women undergoing elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 519 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Apgar scores at 5 minutes · low‐risk term pregnant women undergoing elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 519 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Proportion of maternal participants with desaturation1 · low‐risk term pregnant women undergoing elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Mean maternal arterial oxygen tension (mm Hg) (PaO2) · low‐risk term pregnant women undergoing elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 241 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mean maternal oxygen saturation (%) · low‐risk term pregnant women undergoing elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 209 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mean oxygen tension (mm Hg) in umbilical artery (UaPO2) · low‐risk term pregnant women undergoing elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 504 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mean oxygen tension (mm Hg) in umbilical vein (UvPO2) · low‐risk term pregnant women undergoing elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 683 participants | Very low |
Propofol vs inhalation anaesthetics Total blood loss ‐ children · patients undergoing FESS Deliberate hypotension with propofol under anaesthesia for functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Propofol vs inhalation anaesthetics Total blood loss ‐ adults · patients undergoing FESS Deliberate hypotension with propofol under anaesthesia for functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Moderate |
Propofol vs inhalation anaesthetics Quality of surgical field Scale from 0 to 5 · patients undergoing FESS Deliberate hypotension with propofol under anaesthesia for functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 277 participants | Low |
Propofol vs inhalation anaesthetics Operation time · patients undergoing FESS Deliberate hypotension with propofol under anaesthesia for functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 214 participants | Low |
Propofol vs inhalation anaesthetics Failure of deliberate hypotension (%) · patients undergoing FESS Deliberate hypotension with propofol under anaesthesia for functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.09, 0.66] | 1 study · 88 participants | Moderate |
High initial concentration vs low initial concentration Time to loss of eyelash reflex · patients with inhalational induction of anaesthesia High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 443 participants | Low |
High initial concentration vs low initial concentration Cough · patients with inhalational induction of anaesthesia High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.23 [0.53, 2.81] | 8 studies · 589 participants | Low |
High initial concentration vs low initial concentration Laryngospasm · patients with inhalational induction of anaesthesia High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.59 [0.16, 15.92] | 7 studies · 588 participants | Low |
High initial concentration vs low initial concentration Breath holding · patients with inhalational induction of anaesthesia High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 1.16 [0.47, 2.83] | 5 studies · 389 participants | Low |
High initial concentration vs low initial concentration Apneoa · patients with inhalational induction of anaesthesia High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 3.14 [1.72, 5.7] | 2 studies · 160 participants | Low |
High initial concentration vs low initial concentration Patient movement · patients with inhalational induction of anaesthesia High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.69, 1.89] | 5 studies · 445 participants | Low |
High initial concentration vs low initial concentration Bradycardia · patients with inhalational induction of anaesthesia High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of… (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.8 [0.22, 2.88] | 3 studies · 199 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mean total blood loss (mL: antifibrinolytics vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 207 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number of participants receiving transfusion with allogeneic blood: antifibrinolytics vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.01, 1.73] | 2 studies · 79 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number of participants receiving transfusion with allogeneic blood: aminocaproic acid vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number of participants receiving transfusion with allogeneic blood: aprotinin vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.01, 1.73] | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Mean total blood transfused (mL): antifibrinolytics vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 207 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mean total blood transfused (mL): aminocaproic acid vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mean total blood transfused (mL): aprotinin vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 87 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mean total blood transfused (mL): tranexamic acid vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 84 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mean total blood loss (mL): aminocaproic acid vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mean total blood loss (mL): aprotinin vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 87 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mean total blood loss (mL): tranexamic acid vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 84 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mean total blood loss (mL): aminocaproic acid vs tranexamic acid · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 44 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number of participants receiving blood transfusion: antifibrinolytics vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.5, 0.85] | 4 studies · 195 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number of participants receiving blood transfusion: aminocaproic acid vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.3, 0.76] | 2 studies · 108 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number of participants receiving blood transfusion: aprotinin vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.44, 1.27] | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Number of participants receiving blood transfusion: tranexamic acid vs placebo · children undergoing surgery for scoliosis Antifibrinolytic agents for reducing blood loss in scoliosis surgery in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.56, 1.3] | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
Anaesthesia depth monitors (BIS and M‐entropy) vs standard clinical and electronic monitoring Awareness Postoperative interview · patients with prevention of recall of events during surgery Anaesthetic interventions for prevention of awareness during surgery (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.98 [0.59, 1.62] | 9 studies · 34744 participants | Low |