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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs multiple micronutrients (MMN) Small‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.84, 1.07] | 3 studies · 2393 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs multiple micronutrients (MMN) Preterm births (births before 37 weeks of gestation) · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.93, 1.42] | 3 studies · 2393 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs iron folic acid (IFA) Maternal anaemia at term or near term (haemoglobin (Hb) less than 110 g/L) · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.35 [1.67, 3.3] | 1 study · 536 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs iron folic acid (IFA) Maternal mortality (measured at six weeks postpartum) · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.12, 2.41] | 3 studies · 5628 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs iron folic acid (IFA) Low birth weight (< 2500 g) · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.72, 1.05] | 3 studies · 4826 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs iron folic acid (IFA) Length at birth (in cm) · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 4986 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs iron folic acid (IFA) Small‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.89, 0.99] | 3 studies · 4823 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs iron folic acid (IFA) Preterm births (births before 37 weeks of gestation) · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.8, 1.11] | 3 studies · 5924 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs multiple micronutrients (MMN) Gestational weight gain per week (from < 20 weeks gestation till the time of delivery) · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 682 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) vs multiple micronutrients (MMN) Maternal anaemia at term or near term (haemoglobin (Hb) less than 110 g/L) · pregnant women Lipid‐based nutrient supplements for maternal, birth, and infant developmental outcomes (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [1.07, 1.82] | 1 study · 557 participants | Moderate |
Risperidone vs placebo Aggression · Disruptive behaviours in children and youths Atypical antipsychotics for disruptive behaviour disorders in children and youths (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 238 participants | Low |
Risperidone vs placebo Aggression · Disruptive behaviours in children and youths Atypical antipsychotics for disruptive behaviour disorders in children and youths (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 190 participants | Moderate |
Risperidone vs placebo Conduct · Disruptive behaviours in children and youths Atypical antipsychotics for disruptive behaviour disorders in children and youths (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 225 participants | Moderate |
Risperidone vs placebo Weight gain (treatment with antipsychotic only) · Disruptive behaviours in children and youths Atypical antipsychotics for disruptive behaviour disorders in children and youths (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 138 participants | Moderate |
Risperidone vs placebo Weight gain (treatment with antipsychotic and stimulant) · Disruptive behaviours in children and youths Atypical antipsychotics for disruptive behaviour disorders in children and youths (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 305 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Age of onset of independent walking (months) · children under six years with cerebral palsy or Down syndrome or at risk of neuromotor delay Treadmill interventions in children under six years of age at risk of neuromotor delay (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 58 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Age of onset of walking with assistance (days in study) · children under six years with cerebral palsy or Down syndrome or at risk of neuromotor delay Treadmill interventions in children under six years of age at risk of neuromotor delay (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 58 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Gross motor function (GMFM) (%) · children under six years with cerebral palsy or Down syndrome or at risk of neuromotor delay Treadmill interventions in children under six years of age at risk of neuromotor delay (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 36 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Gross motor function related to standing (GMFM) ‐ Dimension D (%) · children under six years with cerebral palsy or Down syndrome or at risk of neuromotor delay Treadmill interventions in children under six years of age at risk of neuromotor delay (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Gross motor function related to walking, running and jumping (GMFM) ‐ Dimension E (%) · children under six years with cerebral palsy or Down syndrome or at risk of neuromotor delay Treadmill interventions in children under six years of age at risk of neuromotor delay (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Velocity (m/s) · children under six years with cerebral palsy or Down syndrome or at risk of neuromotor delay Treadmill interventions in children under six years of age at risk of neuromotor delay (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 32 participants | High |
Intervention NR Severity of ADHD (at study completion) WRAADDS scale (0 to 28), ADHD‐RS scale (0 to 54) or CAARS scale (0 to 48). On all scales, a higher score equates to more symptoms (at 6 weeks) · Adults with ADHD Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 129 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Achievement of significant clinical improvement (% participants) (at 6 to 10 weeks) · Adults with ADHD Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [1.13, 1.99] | 4 studies · 315 participants | Low |
Intervention NR CGI ‐ Improvement scale (% participants achieving at least 1 or 2 on CGI) (at 6 to 10 weeks) · Adults with ADHD Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.78 [1.27, 2.5] | 5 studies · 337 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Number of participants withdrawn due to adverse events (at 6 to 10 weeks) · Adults with ADHD Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.35, 4.1] | 3 studies · 253 participants | Low |
Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrients powders (MNP) vs no intervention or placebo Anaemia (defined as haemoglobin < 110 g/L for children aged 24‐59 months and < 115 g/L for children aged 5‐11.9 years, adjusted by altitude where appropriate)* · preschool and school‐age children Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders containing iron in children of preschool and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.49, 0.88] | 10 studies · 2448 participants | Moderate |
Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrients powders (MNP) vs no intervention or placebo Haemoglobin · preschool and school‐age children Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders containing iron in children of preschool and… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 2746 participants | Low |
Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrients powders (MNP) vs no intervention or placebo Iron deficiency (defined by using ferritin concentrations less than 15 µg/L) · preschool and school‐age children Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders containing iron in children of preschool and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.27, 0.47] | 5 studies · 1364 participants | Moderate |
Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrients powders (MNP) vs no intervention or placebo Ferritin · preschool and school‐age children Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders containing iron in children of preschool and… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1066 participants | Very low |
Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrients powders (MNP) vs no intervention or placebo All‐cause mortality (number of deaths during trial) · preschool and school‐age children Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders containing iron in children of preschool and… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 115 participants | Low |
Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrients powders (MNP) vs no intervention or placebo Diarrhoea (≥ 3 liquid stools per day) · preschool and school‐age children Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders containing iron in children of preschool and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.53, 1.78] | 2 studies · 366 participants | Low |
Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrients powders (MNP) vs no intervention or placebo Adverse effects (any, as defined by trialists) · preschool and school‐age children Point‐of‐use fortification of foods with micronutrient powders containing iron in children of preschool and… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.16, 7.42] | 1 study · 90 participants | Moderate |
Task‐oriented interventions vs no intervention MABC,Total Impairment Score, RCTs and quasi‐RCTs. Scale from: 0 to 40. · children with DCD Task‐oriented interventions for children with developmental co‐ordination disorder (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 169 participants | Very low |
Task‐oriented interventions vs no intervention MABC, Total Impairment Score, RCTs only. Scale from: 0 to 40. · children with DCD Task‐oriented interventions for children with developmental co‐ordination disorder (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 51 participants | Low |
Task‐oriented interventions vs no intervention Adverse events · children with DCD Task‐oriented interventions for children with developmental co‐ordination disorder (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 340 participants | Ungraded |
Task‐oriented interventions vs no intervention Changes in motor co‐ordination, as measured by standardised rating scales · children with DCD Task‐oriented interventions for children with developmental co‐ordination disorder (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 111 participants | Very low |
Task‐oriented interventions vs no intervention Measures of impairment (e.g. sensation, physical fitness) · children with DCD Task‐oriented interventions for children with developmental co‐ordination disorder (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Task‐oriented interventions vs no intervention Measures of psychosocial factors · children with DCD Task‐oriented interventions for children with developmental co‐ordination disorder (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 126 participants | Very low |
Task‐oriented interventions vs no intervention Measures of occupational and task performance · children with DCD Task‐oriented interventions for children with developmental co‐ordination disorder (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 40 participants | Very low |
Task‐oriented interventions vs no intervention Measures of participation · children with DCD Task‐oriented interventions for children with developmental co‐ordination disorder (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 49 participants | Very low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs control Treatment success: postintervention · children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 175 participants | Very low |
Hypnotherapy vs control Pain frequency: postintervention Lower score equals less pain. · children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 146 participants | Low |
Yoga vs control Pain intensity: postintervention Lower score equals less pain. · children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 122 participants | Low |
Yoga vs control Functional disability: postintervention Lower score equals less functional disability. · children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 53 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs control Treatment success: medium‐term · children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 139 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs control Pain intensity: postintervention Lower score equals less pain. · children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 405 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs control Pain intensity: medium‐term · children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 301 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs control QOL (physical subscale): postintervention Higher score equals better QOL. · children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 136 participants | Very low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs control QOL (psychosocial subscale): postintervention Higher score equals better QOL. · children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 136 participants | Low |
Cognitive behavioural therapy vs control Functional disability or activity limitations: postintervention Lower score equals less activity disability. · children and adolescents with recurrent abdominal pain Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 176 participants | Very low |