Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

79 questions · 86 findings · 23 reviews · Back and Neck

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No studies found 7 · 8.1%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 14 · 16.3%Low 33 · 38.4%Moderate 31 · 36%High 1 · 1.2%

Selective COX‐2 inhibitors vs NSAIDs

Change in pain intensity from baseline on VAS (0 to 100) short‐term · Patients with acute low‐back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for acute low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 437 participants
Low

Acupuncture vs sham

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 1403 participants
Low

Acupuncture vs usual care

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 1054 participants
Low

Acupuncture vs no treatment

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · patients with non‐specific chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for chronic nonspecific low back pain 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 366 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

PAIN INTENSITY · People with non‐specific low back pain presenting to healthcare, occupational, general or mixed populations Prognostic factor: Individual…

The intervention may leads to higher PAIN INTENSITY (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Individual recovery expectations and prognosis of outcomes in non‐specific low back pain: prognostic factor review 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.15 [1.08, 1.23]
5 studies · 1510 participants
Low

Multidiscipinary rehabilitation vs usual care

Back pain · Subacute low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 336 participants
Moderate

Multidisciplinary rehabilitation vs other treatment

Pain at the long term Higher scores indicated more intense pain · Subacute low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for subacute low back pain 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 336 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Pain intensity (VAS) short term · patients with chronic mechanical neck pain (pain for more than 90 days)

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for neck disorders 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 560 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Pain intensity (VAS) short term · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days)

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for neck disorders 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 404 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Pain intensity (VAS) short term · patients with chronic neck pain (pain for more than 90 days)

1 finding from 1 review

Acupuncture for neck disorders 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 30 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Change in pain intensity from baseline 100 mm VAS · people with chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 1354 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Sensitivity analysis: change in pain intensity from baseline 100 mm VAS · people with chronic low back pain

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 728 participants
Moderate

NSAIDs vs placebo

Change in pain intensity from baseline on VAS (0 to 100) short‐term · people with low back pain with sciatica

It is very uncertain whether NSAIDs changes change in pain intensity from baseline on VAS (0 to 100) short‐term compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for sciatica 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 918 participants
Very low

Massage vs inactive control

Pain intensity various scales short‐term · patients with LBP

1 finding from 1 review

Massage for low‐back pain 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
7 studies · 761 participants
Low

Massage vs inactive control

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · patients with LBP

1 finding from 1 review

Massage for low‐back pain 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 615 participants
Very low

Massage vs active control

Pain intensity various scales short‐term · patients with LBP

1 finding from 1 review

Massage for low‐back pain 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 964 participants
Very low

Massage vs active control

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · patients with LBP

1 finding from 1 review

Massage for low‐back pain 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 757 participants
Very low

Chronic MND: Cervical/UE Stretch/ROM Exercises + Cervical/Scapulothoracic+/‐UE Strengthening + Dynamic/Static Cervical Stabilization + ANOTHER INTERVENTION vs THAT SAME INTERVENTION

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · patients with mechanical neck disorders

1 finding from 1 review

Exercises for mechanical neck disorders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 241 participants
Moderate

Chronic MND: Qigong Stretch/ROM + Endurance Training + Dynamic Stabilization + Cognitive (mindfulness & emotional balance) vs WAIT LIST

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · patients with chronic mechanical neck disorders

1 finding from 1 review

Exercises for mechanical neck disorders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 148 participants
Moderate

Acute Radiculopathy: Cervical Stretch/ROM + Cervical/Scapulothoracic/UE Strengthening + Static/Dynamic Cervical Stabilization vs WAIT LIST

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · patients with acute radiculopathy

Acute Radiculopathy: Cervical Stretch/ROM +… showed no clear difference in pain Intensity: VAS 0 no pain to 10 worst pain ( compared with WAIT LIST (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Exercises for mechanical neck disorders 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 133 participants
Low