Nausea · patients with postoperative pain
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine probably leads to higher nausea compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Vomiting · patients with postoperative pain
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in vomiting compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Time to hospital discharge · patients with postoperative pain
It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes time to hospital discharge compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Smoking cessation · people who smoke
Preloading nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) probably leads to higher smoking cessation compared with standard‐use NRT (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Overall serious adverse events · people who smoke
Preloading nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) showed no clear difference in overall serious adverse events compared with standard‐use NRT (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Treatment withdrawal · people who smoke
It is very uncertain whether preloading nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) changes treatment withdrawals compared with standard‐use NRT (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Biochemically validated smoking cessation at the latest point in pregnancy (20 weeks' gestation or more) · Pregnant women who smoke
Nicotine replacement therapy may leads to higher biochemically validated smoking cessation at the latest point in… compared with control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mean birthweight · Pregnant women who smoke
Nicotine replacement therapy showed no clear difference in mean birthweight (g) compared with control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Miscarriage and spontaneous abortion · Pregnant women who smoke
Nicotine replacement therapy showed no clear difference in miscarriage and spontaneous abortion compared with control (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Smoking cessation · people who smoke
Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) showed no clear difference in smoking cessation (at least six months of compared with NRT alone (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Serious adverse events · people who smoke
Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with NRT alone (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Dropouts due to treatment · people who smoke
Bupropion plus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) showed no clear difference in dropouts due to treatment compared with NRT alone (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Change in weight (kg) · People who have quit smoking
Nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation showed no clear difference in mean weight change (kg) at end of treatment compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
3 findings from 1 review
MD 0.52
21 studies · 2784 participants
Moderate
MD 0.08
11 studies · 1021 participants
Moderate
MD 0.37
17 studies · 1463 participants
Moderate
Intervention not reported
Nicotine tapering · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine tapering (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Nicotine patch · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine patch (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The intervention showed no clear difference in fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Non‐nicotine/placebo EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
Nicotine patch · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The intervention leads to higher nicotine patch (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The intervention leads to higher fast‐acting NRT (nicotine other) (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Non‐nicotine/placebo EC · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…
The intervention showed no clear difference in non‐nicotine/placebo EC (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review