Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,938 questions · 1,994 findings · 246 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 490 · 24.6%GRADE not reported 71 · 3.6%Very low 669 · 33.6%Low 446 · 22.4%Moderate 264 · 13.2%High 54 · 2.7%

More than 24 hours of antibiotics vs 24 hours of antibiotics

Abdominal surgical site infection · people undergoing laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma

It is very uncertain whether more than 24 hours of antibiotics changes abdominal surgical site infection compared with 24 hours of antibiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anaerobic coverage only vs gram‐positive and gram‐negative coverage

Abdominal surgical site infection · people undergoing laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma

It is very uncertain whether anaerobic coverage only changes abdominal surgical site infection compared with gram‐positive and gram‐negative coverage (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anaerobic coverage only vs gram‐negative and anaerobic coverage

Abdominal surgical site infection · people undergoing laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma

It is very uncertain whether anaerobic coverage only changes abdominal surgical site infection compared with gram‐negative and anaerobic coverage (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Gram‐negative and anaerobic coverage vs gram‐positive, gram‐negative, and anaerobic coverage

Abdominal surgical site infection · people undergoing laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma

It is very uncertain whether gram‐negative and anaerobic coverage changes abdominal surgical site infection compared with gram‐positive, gram‐negative, and anaerobic coverage (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Gram‐positive and gram‐negative coverage vs gram‐negative and anaerobic coverage

Abdominal surgical site infection · people undergoing laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma

It is very uncertain whether gram‐positive and gram‐negative coverage changes abdominal surgical site infection compared with gram‐negative and anaerobic coverage (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single‐dose antibiotic vs 24 hours of antibiotics

Abdominal surgical site infection · people undergoing laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma

It is very uncertain whether single dose of antibiotics changes abdominal surgical site infection compared with 24 hours of antibiotics (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Anaerobic coverage only vs gram‐positive, gram‐negative, and anaerobic coverage

Abdominal surgical site infection · people undergoing laparotomy for penetrating abdominal trauma

It is very uncertain whether anaerobic coverage only changes abdominal surgical site infection compared with gram‐positive, gram‐negative, and anaerobic coverage (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Preoperative radiotherapy vs surgery

Postoperative morbidity ‐ surgical complications (within 30 days after surgery) · People with localised rectal carcinoma

Preoperative radiotherapy may leads to higher postoperative morbidity ‐ surgical complications (within 30 days… compared with surgery alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Thoracic epidural anaesthesia vs conventional pain control

Persistent pain 3 to 18 months after thoracotomy (We defined persistent postsurgical pain as new pain that did not exist before the operation, measured using differences in scores based on validated pain scales; patient interview between 3 to 18 m... · Patients undergoing thoracotomy

Thoracic epidural anaesthesia probably leads to lower persistent pain 3 to 18 months after thoracotomy (We defined… compared with conventional pain control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Regional anaesthesia vs conventional pain control

Persistent pain 3 to 12 months after breast cancer surgery (We defined persistent postsurgical pain as new pain that did not exist before the operation, measured using differences in scores based on validated pain scales; patient interview between... · women with breast cancer undergoing elective surgery

Regional anaesthesia may leads to lower persistent pain 3 to 12 months after breast cancer surgery (We… compared with conventional pain control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Persistent pain 3 to 8 months after caesarean section (We defined persistent postsurgical pain as new pain that did not exist before the operation, measured using differences in scores based on validated pain scales; patient interview between 3 to... · women after caesarean section

The intervention probably leads to lower persistent pain 3 to 8 months after caesarean section (We defined… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Persistent pain 3 to 55 months after iliac crest bone graft harvesting (We defined persistent postsurgical pain as new pain that did not exist before the operation, measured using differences in scores based on validated pain scales; patient inter... · people after iliac crest bone graft harvesting

The intervention showed no clear difference in persistent pain 3 to 55 months after iliac crest bone graft… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Persistent pain 3 to 6 months after breast cancer surgery (We defined persistent postsurgical pain as new pain that did not exist before the operation, measured using differences in scores based on validated pain scales; patient interview between ... · women with breast cancer undergoing elective surgery

The intervention probably leads to lower persistent pain 3 to 6 months after breast cancer surgery (We… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Mesh vs non‐mesh repair

Surgical complications ‐ neurovascular or visceral injury · adults undergoing inguinal and femoral hernia repair

Mesh leads to lower surgical complications ‐ neurovascular or visceral injury compared with non‐mesh repair (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review