Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,345 questions · 4,525 findings · 483 reviews

No studies found 1,024 · 22.6%GRADE not reported 388 · 8.6%Very low 1,172 · 25.9%Low 1,227 · 27.1%Moderate 576 · 12.7%High 138 · 3%

Alpha2‐adrenergic agonist vs control

Myocardial infarction (within 30‐days after surgery: sudden death or death resulting from a primarily identifiable cardiac cause) · adults undergoing cardiac surgery

Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists showed no clear difference in myocardial infarction (within 30‐days after surgery: sudden death or… compared with control (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

All‐cause mortality (30 days)—cardiac surgery · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality (30 days)—cardiac surgery compared with control—cardiac surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

Acute myocardial infarction—cardiac surgery · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker showed no clear difference in acute myocardial infarction—cardiac surgery compared with control—cardiac surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

Ventricular arrhythmias—cardiac surgery ECG · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker probably leads to lower ventricular arrhythmias—cardiac surgery ECG compared with control—cardiac surgery (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta‐blockers vs control—cardiac surgery

All supraventricular arrhythmias—cardiac surgery ECG · patients with coronary heart disease and/or valvular heart disease

Beta‐blocker leads to lower all supraventricular arrhythmias—cardiac surgery ECG compared with control—cardiac surgery (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuation vs discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy

Blood loss requiring further surgery (intraoperatively and postoperatively) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery

Continuation showed no clear difference in blood loss requiring further surgery (intraoperatively and… compared with discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Continuation vs discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy

Ischaemic events: peripheral thrombosis, cerebral myocardial infarction (within 30 days of surgery) · adults undergoing non‐cardiac surgery

Continuation showed no clear difference in ischaemic events: peripheral thrombosis, cerebral myocardial… compared with discontinuation of antiplatelet therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

ILAE Epilepsy Surgery Outcome · patients undergoing epilepsy surgery with medically refractory epilepsy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) vs no RIPC

Composite endpoint (including all‐cause mortality, non‐fatal myocardial infarction and/or any new stroke assessed at 30 days after surgery) · people undergoing CABG (with or without valve surgery)

RIPC showed no clear difference in composite endpoint (including all‐cause mortality, non‐fatal… compared with no RIPC (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review