What do systematic reviews say?

Exercise vs no intervention

• Exercise programmes for ankylosing spondylitis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 262 participants
  Moderate

Intravenous soya oil‐derived (n‐6) fatty acid‐based lipid emulsion vs intravenous fish oil‐derived (n‐3) fatty acid‐based lipid emulsion

• Non‐antistreptococcal interventions for acute guttate psoriasis or an acute guttate flare of chronic psoriasis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 21 participants
  Very low

Group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies

It is very uncertain whether group B cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy… changes adverse effects: specific ‐ doctors' assessment of adverse effects… compared with cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.55, 1.91]
  1 study · 65 participants
  Very low

Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + placebo vs placebo or supportive treatment

It is very uncertain whether group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy… changes adverse effects: specific ‐ doctors' assessment of adverse effects… compared with supportive therapy + placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.39 [0.61, 3.18]
  1 study · 51 participants
  Very low

Group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy + risperidone vs placebo or supportive treatment

It is very uncertain whether group C cognitive behavioural therapy: cognitive behavioural therapy… changes adverse effects: doctors' assessment of adverse effects UKU (events)… compared with supportive therapy + placebo (very low certainty).

• Interventions for prodromal stage of psychosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.43 [0.64, 3.16]
  1 study · 58 participants
  Very low

Deep brain stimulation vs sham stimulation

• Deep brain stimulation for dystonia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 62 participants
  Very low

Deep brain stimulation vs sham stimulation

• Deep brain stimulation for dystonia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 62 participants
  Low

Deep brain stimulation vs sham stimulation

• Deep brain stimulation for dystonia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 33 participants
  Low
• Deep brain stimulation for dystonia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 33 participants
  Very low

Deep brain stimulation vs sham stimulation

• Deep brain stimulation for dystonia 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 30 participants
  Very low

Arthroscopic surgery vs sclerosing injection

• Surgery for patellar tendinopathy (jumper’s knee) 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 50 participants
  Low

Open surgical excision vs eccentric exercises

Open surgical excision showed no clear difference in participant global assessment of success (People who perceived their… compared with eccentric exercises (low certainty).

• Surgery for patellar tendinopathy (jumper’s knee) 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.71 [0.27, 1.88]
  1 study · 40 participants
  Low

Interventions for involving patients in decision‐making about their health care vs attention control

• Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care consultations 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 43 participants
  Very low

Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making about their health care vs usual care

• Interventions for involving older patients with multi‐morbidity in decision‐making during primary care consultations 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 41 participants
  Very low

Surgery vs non‐surgical treatment

Surgery showed no clear difference in participant‐rated global assessment of treatment success at 12 months compared with non‐operative treatment (low certainty).

• Surgery for rotator cuff tears 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.96, 1.22]
  1 study · 110 participants
  Low

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza assessed by laboratory confirmation Timing of assessment:… compared with placebo or 'do nothing' (moderate certainty).

• Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.41 [0.36, 0.47]
  25 studies · 71221 participants
  Moderate

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine probably leads to lower influenza‐like illness assessed by subjective report Timing of… compared with placebo or 'do nothing' (moderate certainty).

• Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.84 [0.75, 0.95]
  16 studies · 25795 participants
  Moderate

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in hospitalisations Timing of assessment: single influenza season compared with placebo or 'do nothing' (low certainty).

• Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.85, 1.08]
  3 studies · 11924 participants
  Low

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

• Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 3726 participants
  Low

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine leads to higher fever assessed by subjective report Timing of assessment: single… compared with placebo or 'do nothing' (high certainty).

• Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.55 [1.26, 1.91]
  13 studies · 23850 participants
  High

Inactivated influenza vaccine vs placebo or no intervention

Inactivated parenteral influenza vaccine showed no clear difference in nausea or vomiting assessed by subjective report Timing of… compared with placebo or 'do nothing' (low certainty).

• Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.8 [0.65, 5.04]
  4 studies · 6315 participants
  Low