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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Severe local reaction8 · infants aged approximately 2 to 6 months undergoing vaccination in the anterolateral thigh with a DTwP‐Hib vaccine Needle size for vaccination procedures in children and adolescents (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.05 [0, 0.89] | 1 study · 447 participants | Moderate |
Botulinum toxin type A vs placebo Number of migraine days per month: chronic migraine only · adults with migraine Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1497 participants | Low |
Botulinum toxin type A vs other established prophylactic agent Number of migraine attacks per month · adults with migraine Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Botulinum toxin type A vs other established prophylactic agent Headache intensity measure · adults with migraine Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
Botulinum toxin type A vs other established prophylactic agent Global impression of disease · adults with migraine Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 101 participants | Very low |
Botulinum toxin type A vs other established prophylactic agent Total number of participants experiencing an adverse event · adults with migraine Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.59, 0.98] | 2 studies · 114 participants | Very low |
Botulinum toxin type A vs placebo Number of migraine days per month · adults with migraine Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1915 participants | Very low |
Botulinum toxin type A vs placebo Number of headache days per month: chronic migraine only · adults with migraine Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1384 participants | High |
Botulinum toxin type A vs placebo Number of migraine attacks · adults with migraine Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 2004 participants | Low |
Botulinum toxin type A vs placebo Headache intensity measure (Visual Analogue Score 0‐10) · adults with migraine Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 209 participants | Very low |
Botulinum toxin type A vs placebo Global impression scale · adults with migraine Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
Botulinum toxin type A vs placebo Total number of participants experiencing an adverse event · adults with migraine Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [1.12, 1.47] | 13 studies · 3325 participants | Moderate |
Botulinum toxin type A vs other established prophylactic agent Number of migraine days per month: chronic migraine only · adults with migraine Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Botulinum toxin type A vs other established prophylactic agent Number of headache days per month · adults with migraine Botulinum toxins for the prevention of migraine in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs usual care Rates of falls per person‐years · adults (18 years of age or older at diagnosis) living with and beyond cancer Exercise for reducing falls in people living with and beyond cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 223 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs usual care Strength through equipment‐based measures: leg press (kg) strength · adults (18 years of age or older at diagnosis) living with and beyond cancer Exercise for reducing falls in people living with and beyond cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 388 participants | Low |
Exercise vs usual care Strength through functional measures; Sit‐to‐Stand Test · adults (18 years of age or older at diagnosis) living with and beyond cancer Exercise for reducing falls in people living with and beyond cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 214 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs usual care Flexibility: Sit‐and‐Reach Distance Test (cm) · adults (18 years of age or older at diagnosis) living with and beyond cancer Exercise for reducing falls in people living with and beyond cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 21 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs usual care Balance: postural stability · adults (18 years of age or older at diagnosis) living with and beyond cancer Exercise for reducing falls in people living with and beyond cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 127 participants | Very low |
Exercise vs usual care Balance: Backward Walk Test (seconds) · adults (18 years of age or older at diagnosis) living with and beyond cancer Exercise for reducing falls in people living with and beyond cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 280 participants | Low |
Exercise vs usual care Adverse event: fatigue · adults (18 years of age or older at diagnosis) living with and beyond cancer Exercise for reducing falls in people living with and beyond cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 78 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR The ability of OWSC, when seen to reach the colon on · Adults 18 yrs and over with malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) as defined by the International Conference on MBO, with… Oral water soluble contrast for malignant bowel obstruction (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR The rate of resolution of MBO with medical management only in patients receiving OWSC compared with those not receiving it (therapeutic). · Adults 18 yrs and over with malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) as defined by the International Conference on MBO, with… Oral water soluble contrast for malignant bowel obstruction (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Gastrointestinal adverse effects (increased abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting). · Adults 18 yrs and over with malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) as defined by the International Conference on MBO, with… Oral water soluble contrast for malignant bowel obstruction (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 9 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Extra‐abdominal complications (aspiration pneumonia, hypersensitivity reactions). · Adults 18 yrs and over with malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) as defined by the International Conference on MBO, with… Oral water soluble contrast for malignant bowel obstruction (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 9 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Length of hospital stay. · Adults 18 yrs and over with malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) as defined by the International Conference on MBO, with… Oral water soluble contrast for malignant bowel obstruction (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Time from administration of OWSC to resolution of MBO. · Adults 18 yrs and over with malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) as defined by the International Conference on MBO, with… Oral water soluble contrast for malignant bowel obstruction (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Survival time from onset of inoperable MBO until death. · Adults 18 yrs and over with malignant bowel obstruction (MBO) as defined by the International Conference on MBO, with… Oral water soluble contrast for malignant bowel obstruction (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Perioperative intravenous ketamine vs placebo Opioid consumption(mg morphine equivalents) · adults undergoing any type of surgery Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 65 studies · 4004 participants | Moderate |
Perioperative intravenous ketamine vs placebo Pain intensity(0‐100 mm VAS. 7 · adults undergoing any type of surgery Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 82 studies · 5004 participants | High |
Perioperative intravenous ketamine vs placebo Time to first request for analgesia/trigger of PCA(minutes) · adults undergoing any type of surgery Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 31 studies · 1678 participants | Moderate |
Perioperative intravenous ketamine vs placebo Hyperalgesia(cm2) · adults undergoing any type of surgery Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 333 participants | Very low |
Perioperative intravenous ketamine vs placebo CNS adverse events · adults undergoing any type of surgery Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 105 studies · 6538 participants | High |
Perioperative intravenous ketamine vs placebo Postoperative nausea and vomiting · adults undergoing any type of surgery Perioperative intravenous ketamine for acute postoperative pain in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 95 studies · 5965 participants | High |
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · adults with chronic neuropathic pain Cannabis‐based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1001 participants | Low |
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo Patient Global Impression of Change much or very much improved · adults with chronic neuropathic pain Cannabis‐based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1092 participants | Very low |
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events · adults with chronic neuropathic pain Cannabis‐based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 1848 participants | Moderate |
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo Serious adverse events · adults with chronic neuropathic pain Cannabis‐based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 1876 participants | Low |
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo Participant‐reported pain relief of 30% or greater · adults with chronic neuropathic pain Cannabis‐based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1586 participants | Moderate |
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo Specific adverse events:nervous system disorder · adults with chronic neuropathic pain Cannabis‐based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1304 participants | Low |
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo Specific adverse events:psychiatric disorders · adults with chronic neuropathic pain Cannabis‐based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 1314 participants | Low |
Ghrelin vs placebo Food intake · people with cachexia associated with cancer Ghrelin for the management of cachexia associated with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 7 participants | Very low |
Higher‐dose ghrelin vs lower‐dose ghrelin Food intake · people with cancer cachexia Ghrelin for the management of cachexia associated with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 40 participants | Very low |
Higher‐dose ghrelin vs lower‐dose ghrelin Body weight · people with cancer cachexia Ghrelin for the management of cachexia associated with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Higher‐dose ghrelin vs lower‐dose ghrelin Adverse events · people with cancer cachexia Ghrelin for the management of cachexia associated with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 40 participants | Very low |
Ghrelin vs placebo Body weight · people with cachexia associated with cancer Ghrelin for the management of cachexia associated with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Ghrelin vs placebo Adverse events · people with cachexia associated with cancer Ghrelin for the management of cachexia associated with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 7 participants | Very low |
Ghrelin vs alternative experimental treatment modality Food intake · people with cancer cachexia Ghrelin for the management of cachexia associated with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Ghrelin vs alternative experimental treatment modality Body weight · people with cancer cachexia Ghrelin for the management of cachexia associated with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Ghrelin vs alternative experimental treatment modality Adverse events · people with cancer cachexia Ghrelin for the management of cachexia associated with cancer (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |